Ventricular Nerve Cells in Mammals

Davies, Francis; Francis, E. T. B.; King, Tiffany

doi:10.1038/167113a0

Cited by 8 publications

(3 citation statements)

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“…Even if the stimuli did not reach the atria it would be dangerous to assume that the stimuli J. H. BURN AND OTHERS were acting only on tissue which was not nervous. The view that nerve cells are limited to the atria, which was expressed by Davies, Francis & King (1951), has been questioned by Mitchell, Brown & Cookson (1953) who have found nerve fibres with adjacent ganglia in the subepicardium of the left ventricle of Macacus rhesus in which they were numerous, and also in the rabbit in which the cells were scanty. The majority of the neurones were multipolar and similar to those in other parasympathetic ganglia.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The formation of acetylcholine in the heart; its effect on the systemic output and its importance for auricular fibrillation caused by aconitine

Burn¹,

Williams²,

Walker³

1956

The Journal of Physiology

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Burn & Walker (1954) described experiments carried out in the heart-lung preparation of the dog which indicated that acetylcholine (ACh) was liberated in that preparation without stimulation of the vagus nerves. They observed that the addition of substances like eserine or neostigmine to the blood, even in low concentration, caused a large fall in the rate of the beat. These substances inhibit the destruction of acetylcholine, and since in addition the fall in rate which they caused was abolished by a small amount of atropine, the conclusion was drawn that the effects observed were due to continuous liberation of small amounts of ACh. Briscoe & Burn (1954) demonstrated that the isolated heart of the rabbit formed ACh, and it was therefore reasonable to suppose that the ACh liberated in the heart-lung preparation came from the heart and not from the lungs.Burn, Vaughan Williams & Walker (1955a) showed that in the heart-lung preparation ACh, infused at constant rate, prolonged the P-R interval, reduced the systemic output of blood and produced A-V block. They also showed that the application of a few stimuli to the auricular appendage during the infusion of the appropriate amount of ACh caused auricular fibrillation. In a later paper (1955b) they found that the addition of inhibitors of cholinesterase to the heart-lung preparation without ACh infusion had similar effects. The P-R interval was prolonged, the systemic outflow was reduced and, in sufficient concentration, there was A-V block. When stimulation was applied to the auricle, the rate at which A-V block began was much reduced. Finally, after stimulation at higher rates in the presence of eserine or paraoxon, auricular fibrillation occurred for a length of time which depended on the concentration of the inhibitor. All this evidence gave further support to the view that ACh was liberated by the heart.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The formation of acetylcholine in the heart; its effect on the systemic output and its importance for auricular fibrillation caused by aconitine

Burn¹,

Williams²,

Walker³

1956

The Journal of Physiology

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“…In humans, autoptic studies performed on subjects without known cardiovascular disease showed that most of the cholinergic fibers access the human heart through the posterior and anterior right atria, once again supporting the divergence from GPs in these areas to those located in other cardiac regions [52]. Of note, despite the antiarrhythmic properties of vagal nerve stimulation (VNS) against ventricular fibrillation first being anecdotally reported back in 1859 [53], it took almost 100 additional years to first hypothesize the existence of parasympathetic postganglionic projections to the ventricles [54,55], and even more to collect definitive evidence that vagal activation does not affect only atrial and nodal tissues, but the ventricles as well [56]. An important turning point was the demonstration that acetylcholinesterase (AChE), the enzyme responsible for hydrolyzing acetylcholine (ACh) and known for being abundant in cholinergic neurons, is sparse or absent in adrenergic or sensory neurons in the heart.…”

Section: Parasympathetic Branchmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…anecdotally reported back in 1859 [53], it took almost 100 additional years to first hypothesize the existence of parasympathetic postganglionic projections to the ventricles [54,55], and even more to collect definitive evidence that vagal activation does not affect only atrial and nodal tissues, but the ventricles as well [56]. An important turning point was the demonstration that acetylcholinesterase (AChE), the enzyme responsible for hydrolyzing acetylcholine (ACh) and known for being abundant in cholinergic neurons, is sparse or absent in adrenergic or sensory neurons in the heart.…”

Section: Parasympathetic Branchmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Intrinsic Cardiac Nervous System: From Pathophysiology to Therapeutic Implications

Giannino,

Braia,

Griffith Brookles

et al. 2024

Biology

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The cardiac autonomic nervous system (CANS) plays a pivotal role in cardiac homeostasis as well as in cardiac pathology. The first level of cardiac autonomic control, the intrinsic cardiac nervous system (ICNS), is located within the epicardial fat pads and is physically organized in ganglionated plexi (GPs). The ICNS system does not only contain parasympathetic cardiac efferent neurons, as long believed, but also afferent neurons and local circuit neurons. Thanks to its high degree of connectivity, combined with neuronal plasticity and memory capacity, the ICNS allows for a beat-to-beat control of all cardiac functions and responses as well as integration with extracardiac and higher centers for longer-term cardiovascular reflexes. The present review provides a detailed overview of the current knowledge of the bidirectional connection between the ICNS and the most studied cardiac pathologies/conditions (myocardial infarction, heart failure, arrhythmias and heart transplant) and the potential therapeutic implications. Indeed, GP modulation with efferent activity inhibition, differently achieved, has been studied for atrial fibrillation and functional bradyarrhythmias, while GP modulation with efferent activity stimulation has been evaluated for myocardial infarction, heart failure and ventricular arrhythmias. Electrical therapy has the unique potential to allow for both kinds of ICNS modulation while preserving the anatomical integrity of the system.

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Effect of vagus nerves on heart rate of young dogs: An anatomic‐physiologic study

Truex¹,

Scott²,

Long

et al. 1955

Anat. Rec.

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Ventricular Nerve Cells in Mammals

Cited by 8 publications

References 0 publications

The formation of acetylcholine in the heart; its effect on the systemic output and its importance for auricular fibrillation caused by aconitine

The formation of acetylcholine in the heart; its effect on the systemic output and its importance for auricular fibrillation caused by aconitine

The Intrinsic Cardiac Nervous System: From Pathophysiology to Therapeutic Implications

Effect of vagus nerves on heart rate of young dogs: An anatomic‐physiologic study

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