Ventrolateral medullary respiratory network  and a model of cough motor pattern generation

Shannon, R.; Baekey, David M.; Morris, Kendall F.; Lindsey, Bruce G.

doi:10.1152/jappl.1998.84.6.2020

Cited by 149 publications

(195 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…Each holon utilizes the reconfigured core respiratory network to regulate the spatiotemporal features of the cough motor pattern. This concept is entirely consistent with previous work indicating that the core respiratory network participates in the production of both laryngeal and tracheobronchial cough (Shannon et al, 1996(Shannon et al, , 1998(Shannon et al, , 2004b.…”

Section: The Gating Mechanismsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…Functionally identified synaptic influences between components of the model support the network arrangement shown in previous reports (Shannon et al, 1998Baekey et al, 2001Baekey et al, , 2004.…”

Section: The Core Respiratory Network Reconfiguration and The Gatinsupporting

confidence: 84%

“…Therefore, antitussive drugs must inhibit tracheobronchial cough number by an action on elements that are not responsible for regulating phase durations. Given that the current proposed role of the core respiratory network involves regulation of phase durations for both breathing and cough (Shannon et al, 1996(Shannon et al, , 1998(Shannon et al, , 2004bBaekey et al, 2001;Bolser et al, 2003), we propose that this network represents a subsystem that is itself controlled by the gating mechanism (Fig. 2).…”

Section: The Gating Mechanismmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Cough receptor relay neurons are proposed to provide excitatory input to virtually all elements of the system, including neurons that participate in the control of cough phase durations (Shannon et al, 1996(Shannon et al, , 1998. Decreased excitability of this group of neurons would be expected to result in prolongation of cough phase durations.…”

Section: What Is the Role Of Putative Second Order Relay Neurons In Tmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Neurogenesis of cough, other airway defensive behaviors and breathing: A holarchical system?

Bolser

Poliaček

Jakus

et al. 2006

Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology

114

105

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Cough and breathing are generated by a common muscular system. However, these two behaviors differ significantly in their mechanical features and regulation. The current conceptualization of the neurogenic mechanism for these behaviors holds that the multifunctional respiratory pattern generator undergoes reconfiguration to produce cough. Our previous results indicate the presence of a functional cough gate mechanism that controls the excitability of this airway defensive behavior, but is not involved in the regulation of breathing. We propose that the neurogenesis of cough, breathing, and other nonbreathing behaviors is controlled by a larger network, of which the respiratory pattern generator is part. This network we term a holarchical system. This system is governed by functional control elements known as holons, which confer unique regulatory features to each behavior. The cough gate is an example of such a holon. Neurons that participate in a cough holon may include behavior selective elements. That is, neurons that are either specifically recruited during cough and/or tonically-active neurons with little or no modulation during breathing but with significant alterations in discharge during coughing. We also propose that the holarchical system is responsible for the orderly expression of different airway defensive behaviors such that each motor task is executed in a temporally and mechanically discrete manner. We further propose that a holon controlling one airway defensive behavior can regulate the excitability of, and cooperate with, holons unique to other behaviors. As such, co-expression of multiple rhythmic behaviors such as cough and swallow can occur without compromising airway defense.

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Section: The Gating Mechanismsupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: The Core Respiratory Network Reconfiguration and The Gatinsupporting

confidence: 84%

Section: The Gating Mechanismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: What Is the Role Of Putative Second Order Relay Neurons In Tmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Neurogenesis of cough, other airway defensive behaviors and breathing: A holarchical system?

Bolser

Poliaček

Jakus

et al. 2006

Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology

114

105

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“…Model of the peripheral and central elements of the neurogenic mechanism for cough, highlighting the proposed effects of inflammation. The model is modified from Bolser and Davenport [29] and depicts: (a) augmented tracheal cough receptor [30] activity, (b) laryngeal cough receptors, (c) tracheal and laryngeal relay neurones (interneurones), (d) convergent relay neurones in the NTS and medial reticular formation that receive synaptic input from both tracheal and laryngeal interneurons, (e) a tracheobronchial gating mechanism, (f) a laryngeal gating mechanism that is functionally subdivided into elements controlling excitability of the cough/respiratory pattern generator [31] and the magnitude of expiratory motor drive, and (g) inspiratory and expiratory premotor neurons. Pulmonary slowly adapting stretch receptors facilitate laryngeal cough and have a permissive effect on tracheobronchial cough [32,33].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental models and mechanisms of enhanced coughing

Bolser

2004

Pulmonary Pharmacology & Therapeutics

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Enhanced coughing can be produced in a variety of animal models, including the guinea pig, cat, dog and pig. Typically, airway inflammation has been produced by sensitization, exposure to cigarette smoke, sulphur dioxide or angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. In some of these models, inflammatory mediators such as bradykinin and tachykinins have been shown to contribute to the enhanced coughing. While most of these studies have focussed on peripheral mechanisms, increases in central excitability of the cough reflex have been shown to occur as a result of airway inflammation. As such, we propose that enhanced coughing in pathological conditions is the result of plastic changes in both peripheral and central neural elements. Furthermore, we present a modified model of the neurogenesis of cough that takes into account peripheral and central plasticity induced by mediators of inflammation.

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