Vepris onanae (Rutaceae), a new Critically Endangered cloud-forest tree species, and the endemic plant species of Bali Ngemba Forest Reserve, Bamenda Highlands Cameroon

Abstract

SummaryWe revise and update the records of strict and near-endemic species of the Bali Ngemba Forest Reserve, the largest known surviving patch (c. 8 km2 in area) of submontane or cloud forest in the Bamenda Highlands, Cameroon which have lost >96 % of their original forest due to human activities. Nine strict endemics, and 11 near endemics are now documented, a drop from the number recorded after the first survey in 2004, since when five of the provisionally named species have been validly published. We test the hypothesis that a further one of the provisionally named putative Bali Ngemba new species, Vepris sp. A, an 8 – 20 m tall tree from cloud forest in the 1310 – 1700 m altitudinal band, is indeed new to science. We compare it morphologically with other multicarpellate, apocarpous, trifoliolate Cameroon tree species formerly placed in the genus Oricia Pierre until they were subsumed into Vepris by Mziray (1992). These are V. trifoliolata (Engl.) Mziray and V. gabonensis (Pierre) Mziray. We conclude that Vepris sp. A is a new undescribed species here named as Vepris onanae. The new species is illustrated, mapped and its conservation status assessed as Critically Endangered using the 2012 IUCN standard due to severe fragmentation and the threats of habitat clearance from agricultural pressures at its three locations all of which remain formally unprotected. Vepris onanae appears unique among the Guineo-Congolian African oricioid species of Vepris in that it occurs in cloud forest, the other species, apart from V. renieri (G.C.C.Gilbert) Mziray of the Albertine Rift, occurring in lowland forest. It also differs in the very broad, (7.8 –) 11.3 – 18 cm wide leaflets of the flowering stems which have a 6 – 18 (– 30) mm long, narrowly triangular acumen (vs leaflets <12 cm wide, acumen absent or short) and in having both subsessile and pedicellate (pedicels 0.25 – 0.3 mm long and 1 (– 2) mm long) male flowers (vs male flower pedicels all sessile, or all c. 3 mm long). We report for the first time on stage-dependent leaf heteromorphy in Vepris and characterise a level of sexual dimorphism more advanced than usual in the genus. We highlight the importance of protecting Bali Ngemba and other forest patches in the Bamenda Highlands if species such as Vepris onanae are not soon to become extinct.

Monanthotaxis bali (Annonaceae) a new Critically Endangered (possibly extinct) montane forest treelet from Bali Ngemba, Cameroon

“…as in Kupeantha Cheek (Rubiaceae, Cheek et al 2018a). However, unlike for many genera in Africa, such as Vepris (Cheek et al 2022a) and Impatiens (Cheek et al 2022b), the Cross-Sanaga is not notable as a centre of diversity for the genus Monanthotaxis, since it holds only 14 species of the genus, of which three are endemic to the interval, increasing to four with the publication of Monanthotaxis bali.…”

“…Leptonychia kamerunensis Engl. & K. Krause (Byttneriaceae, Cheek et al 2013), Vepris onanae Cheek (Cheek et al 2022a). That only a single collection is known for Monanthotaxis bali, and that a single plant was reported (Darbyshire 375) suggests that the species is genuinely infrequent, if indeed it survives.…”

A taxonomic synopsis of unifoliolate continental AfricanVepris(Rutaceae) with three new threatened forest tree species from Kenya and Tanzania

“…The genus was last revised for tropical Africa by Verdoorn (1926). Founded on the Flore du Cameroun account of Letouzey (1963), nine new species were recently described from Cameroon (Onana & Chevillotte 2015;Cheek et al 2018a;Onana et al 2019;Cheek & Onana 2021;Cheek et al 2022a), taking the total in Cameroon to 24 species, the highest number for any country globally, followed by Tanzania (16 species). The greatest concentrations of Vepris species in Cameroon are within the Cross-Sanaga Interval (Cheek et al 2001) with 15 species of Vepris of which nine are endemic to the Interval.…”

“…2018a; Onana et al . 2019; Cheek & Onana 2021; Cheek et al . 2022a), taking the total in Cameroon to 24 species, the highest number for any country globally, followed by Tanzania (16 species).…”

A new Critically Endangered cloud forest tree Microcos (Grewiaceae-Malvaceae) from the Rumpi Hills of S.W. Region Cameroon

“…Kupeantha kupensis Cheek (Rubiaceae, Cheek et al 2018a) and Psychotria darwiniana Cheek (Rubiaceae, Cheek et al 2009), to canopy trees, e.g. Vepris zapfackii Cheek & Onana, Deinbollia onanae Cheek, and Vepris onanae Cheek(Cheek & Onana 2021;Cheek et al 2021a;2022b)…”