Verbal learning and memory impairments in posttraumatic stress disorder: The role of encoding strategies

Johnsen, Grethe E.; Asbjørnsen, Arve

doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2008.01.001

Cited by 50 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…In sum, these findings indicate that maintenance and retrieval phases of memory function are spared, but that deficiencies are related to encoding and acquisition of new information. This is in line with recent results that demonstrated that the memory problems in adult PTSD patients were confined to the encoding phase of the memory system (Johnsen & Asbjørnsen, 2009). Both the hippocampus and PFC are involved in the encoding (and retrieval) stage of memory processing (Long, Oztekin, & Badre, 2010).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

“…Research has shown that the PFC seems to be particularly sensitive to architectural changes induced by chronic stress compared with other brain regions (Arnsten, 2009). Accordingly, patients with PTSD showed diminished prefrontal cortex activity (Carrion, Garrett, Menon, Weems, & Reiss, 2008), and particular memory impairments associated with disturbed executive control by the prefrontal cortex (Johnsen & Asbjørnsen, 2009).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Relationship between the number of life events and memory capacity in children

Heijden

Suurland

Swaab

et al. 2011

Child Neuropsychology

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Stressful life events can result into declined memory performance at later age. One hypothesis suggests that stress affects the hippocampus, a brain area important for memory functioning. This study explored a potential relationship between the number of negative stressful life events and hippocampus-dependent declarative but not hippocampus-independent procedural memory performance in a community sample of 255 children, aged 6-12 years. The findings revealed that negative stressful life events were negatively related to verbal declarative memory, but not to nonverbal declarative and procedural memory. The memory impairments could not be accounted for by attention and sleep disturbances, and parenting characteristics as perceived by the child did not influence the vulnerability for the stress-related memory impairments. These findings provide further insight into the deleterious effects of negative stressful life events on learning in school-aged children.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationship between the number of life events and memory capacity in children

Heijden

Suurland

Swaab

et al. 2011

Child Neuropsychology

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“…Although evidence concerning impairment in strategic planning, conceptual flexibility, and set-shifting aspects of executive functioning in PTSD remain unclear (Crowell et al, 2002; Jenkins, Langlais, Delis, & Cohen, 2000; Leskin & White, 2007; Stein et al, 2002; Twamley et al, 2009), converging evidence demonstrates that PTSD is associated with inhibitory dysfunction across a number of different measures, suggesting difficulty with inhibiting inappropriate or automatic responses (Casada & Roache, 2005; Jenkins et al, 2000; Leskin & White, 2007; Shucard, McCabe, & Szymanski, 2008; Vasterling et al, 1998). Such results have been used to support a model of generalized dysfunction in inhibitory control in PTSD, which could help explain difficulties in regulation of both neuropsychological and emotional processes (Aupperle, Melrose, et al, 2012; Johnsen & Asbjørnsen, 2009; Vasterling et al, 1998). …”

Section: Neurocognitive Functioning In Ptsdmentioning

confidence: 91%

A quantitative meta-analysis of neurocognitive functioning in posttraumatic stress disorder.

Scott¹,

Matt²,

Wrocklage³

et al. 2015

Psychological Bulletin

437

363

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Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is associated with regional alterations in brain structure and function that are hypothesized to contribute to symptoms and cognitive deficits associated with the disorder. We present here the first systematic meta-analysis of neurocognitive outcomes associated with PTSD to examine a broad range of cognitive domains and describe the profile of cognitive deficits, as well as modifying clinical factors and study characteristics. This report is based on data from 60 studies totaling 4,108 participants, including 1,779with PTSD, 1,446 trauma-exposed comparison participants, and 895 healthy comparison participants without trauma exposure. Effect size estimates were calculated using a mixed-effects meta-analysis for nine cognitive domains: attention/working memory, executive functions, verbal learning, verbal memory, visual learning, visual memory, language, speed of information processing, and visuospatial abilities. Analyses revealed significant neurocognitive effects associated with PTSD, although these ranged widely in magnitude, with the largest effect sizes in verbal learning (d =−.62), speed of information processing (d =−.59), attention/working memory (d =−.50), and verbal memory (d =−.46). Effect size estimates were significantly larger in treatment-seeking than community samples and in studies that did not exclude participants with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, and effect sizes were affected by between-group IQ discrepancies and the gender composition of the PTSD groups. Our findings indicate that consideration of neuropsychological functioning in attention, verbal memory, and speed of information processing may have important implications for the effective clinical management of persons with PTSD. Results are further discussed in the context of cognitive models of PTSD and the limitations of this literature.

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“…Some have suggested that the verbal memory impairments might be due to impaired executive control that in turn impairs learning and encoding strategies [39]. Preliminary evidence also exists for an implicit memory bias for trauma relevant and negative stimuli [40].…”

Section: Posttraumatic Stress Disordermentioning

confidence: 99%

Current research on cognitive aspects of anxiety disorders

Ferreri

Lapp

Peretti

2011

Current Opinion in Psychiatry

104

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Advances have clearly been made in the elucidation of the cognitive functioning associated with anxiety disorders. It remains unclear if particular cognitive profiles can help to distinguish anxiety disorders from one another, although emerging evidence suggests this may be the case. Further clarification will add to our understanding of the development and maintenance of these disorders, and may provide targets for future therapy and endophenotypes.

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Verbal learning and memory impairments in posttraumatic stress disorder: The role of encoding strategies

Cited by 50 publications

References 40 publications

Relationship between the number of life events and memory capacity in children

Relationship between the number of life events and memory capacity in children

A quantitative meta-analysis of neurocognitive functioning in posttraumatic stress disorder.

Current research on cognitive aspects of anxiety disorders

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