Verbal–spatial <scp>IQ</scp> discrepancies impact brain activation associated with the resolution of cognitive conflict in children and adolescents

Margolis, Amy; Davis, Katie; Pao, Lisa S.; Amy, L. Orsborn; Yang, Xiao; Tau, Gregory; Zhao, Guizhe; Wang, Zhishun; Marsh, Rachel

doi:10.1111/desc.12550

Cited by 11 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…Those findings are consistent with a recent metaanalysis indicating a discrepancy between higher verbal and lower performance IQ scores in adult patients with OCD [18], which could be explained by their poorer processing speed negatively affecting the performance IQ scores [18,85,86]. Previous investigations have indicated that such discrepancy is associated with reduced motor competence among preschoolers [87] and functional neuroimaging-detected alterations during cognitive conflict resolution among children and adolescents [88]. In this regard, the appropriate school environment has reportedly contributed to improvements in the Fig.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Cognitive performance in children and adolescents at high-risk for obsessive-compulsive disorder

Bernardes¹,

Saraiva²,

Souza³

et al. 2020

BMC Psychiatry

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Background: Cognitive performance has been studied in adults with obsessive-compulsive symptoms (OCS) and in adult relatives of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) Meanwhile, few studies have been conducted with children under the same conditions. This study compared the neurocognitive domains previously associated with dysfunction in OCD, especially visuoconstructive ability, visuospatial memory, executive functions, and intelligence, in children and adolescents at high risk (HR) for OCD (n = 18) and non-OCD controls (NOC) (n = 31). Methods: For the HR group, we considered the first-degree relatives of patients with OCD that present OCS, but do not meet diagnostic criteria for OCD. Psychiatric diagnosis was assessed by experienced clinicians using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV and OCS severity was measured by the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale. Neurocognitive assessment was performed with a comprehensive neuropsychological battery. Performance on the cognitive domains was compared between groups using Multivariate Analysis of Variance, whereas performance on the neuropsychological variables was compared between groups using independent t-tests in a cognitive subdomain analysis. Results: The cognitive domain analysis revealed a trend towards significance for impairments in the motor and processing speed domain (p = 0.019; F = 3.12) in the HR group. Moreover, the cognitive subdomain analysis identified a statistically significant underperformance in spatial working memory in the HR group when compared to the NOC group (p = 0.005; t = − 2.94), and a trend towards significance for impairments in non-verbal memory and visuoconstructive tasks in the HR group. Conclusions: Our results suggest impairments in spatial working memory and motor and processing speed in a non-clinical sample of HR participants. Considering the preliminary nature of our findings, further studies investigating these neurocognitive domains as potential predictors of pediatric OCD are warranted.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Cognitive performance in children and adolescents at high-risk for obsessive-compulsive disorder

Bernardes¹,

Saraiva²,

Souza³

et al. 2020

BMC Psychiatry

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“…Left parahippocampal gyrus (BA 34) activation supports memory processing (Grasby et al, 1992;Svoboda and Levine, 2009). Activation of BA 9 with BA 44, 45, precentral (in frontal) precuneus, middle temporal, hippocampus and amygdala constitute the conflict-resolution network (Margolis et al, 2018).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Higher BOLD activity of left anterior cingulate in dyslexic group suggests conflict in feedback loop (Posner and DiGirolamo, 1998), where the decreased activity (interface) of right frontal cortex and anterior cingulate contribute to optimal attentional vigilance and conflict resolution (Margolis et al, 2018;Parasuraman, Warm, See, 1998) (visuospatial model; figure 3).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, in either case, the dyslexic deficits could not be explained (Zoccolotti et al, 2016). In dyslexia, processing speed, attentional focus modulation (Roach and Hogben, 2007;Vidyasagar and Pammer, 2010), decision making based on available visual information (Eckstein et al, 2004) and non-verbal cognitive loops (Margolis et al, 2018) may be impaired. Both, the dorsal and ventral pathways (Gallivan, et al, 2011;Zhou et al, 2015) or only the dorsal pathway could be affected (Stein and Walsh, 1997;Vidyasagar and Pammer, 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

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How perception and attention participate in reading skill?

Gudwani

Mehta

Sagar

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Reading creates accessibility to the outer world information and is an integral skill for academic achievement. It involves visual perception, reasoning at symbolic level (text reading) and phonological processing. But does perception, visuospatial processing at pre-symbolic level affect reading skill? To understand and untangle the mechanism fifty children with reading problem (developmental dyslexia, DDC) and twentyfive age-matched typical readers (healthy controls, HC) participated. In DDC, the variable-performance of non-symbolic visual search (pictorial-level) was associated with bilateral brain activity (functional MRI) of ventral stream (inferior occipital and fusiform) and greater involvement of frontal-prefrontal regions, suggesting the modified dorsal route-gating for figure-ground filtering. Performance variability in picture-concept reasoning (71.9% and significant group mean difference) and visuospatial-organization (51.3%) of DDC children indicate attentional or executive differences at nonsymbolic level. In symbolic discrimination performance, no significant difference observed for single alphabet or number (digit) reading but significant differences at word level for visual and phonological performance (considering orthographic differences), attributes to distractor-inhibition problems. Nonsymbolic to symbolic coding/decoding speed and writing error (copying) differences are suggestive of execution variability rather than motor coordination in DDC. In HC, the top-down dorsal route gating and hypoactivity induced in right frontal-anterior cingulate cortices, play a major role in reading by allocating spatial attention and inhibiting distractors. It has been elaborated in the &neurobiological model&

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“…Prior studies have shown that a discrepancy between verbal and nonverbal IQ occurs more frequently among children with ASD than in typically developing children (Ankenman et al, 2014; Coolican et al, 2008; Joseph et al, 2002; Nowell et al, 2015), suggesting that IQ discrepancies may be an important characteristic of ASD. Indeed neural correlates of IQ discrepancies have been identified in healthy individuals (Margolis et al, 2013, 2018). Additionally, studies suggest that differences between verbal and visual–spatial reasoning may be under genetic control (Chapman et al, 2011; Copet et al, 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cognitive correlates of autism spectrum disorder symptoms

et al. 2021

Self Cite

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Due to the diverse behavioral presentation of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), identifying ASD subtypes using patterns of cognitive abilities has become an important point of research. Some previous studies on cognitive profiles in ASD suggest that the discrepancy between verbal intelligence quotient (VIQ) and performance IQ (PIQ) is associated with ASD symptoms, while others have pointed to VIQ as the critical predictor. Given that VIQ is a component of the VIQ-PIQ discrepancy, it was unclear which was most driving these associations. This study tested whether VIQ, PIQ, or the VIQ-PIQ discrepancy was most associated with ASD symptoms in children and adults with ASD (N = 527). Using data from the Autism Brain Imaging Data Exchange (ABIDE), we tested the independent contribution of each IQ index and their discrepancy to ASD symptom severity using multiple linear regressions predicting ASD symptoms. VIQ was most associated with lower symptom severity as measured by the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS) total score, and when VIQ was included in models predicting ASD symptoms, associations with PIQ and IQ discrepancy were not significant. An association between VIQ and ASD communication symptoms drove the association with ASD symptom severity. These results suggest that associations between ASD communication symptoms and IQ discrepancy or PIQ reported in prior studies likely resulted from variance shared with VIQ. Subtyping ASD on the basis of VIQ should be a point of future research, as it may allow for the development of more personalized approaches to intervention.Lay Summary: Previous research on links between autism severity and verbal and nonverbal intelligence has produced mixed results. Our study examined whether verbal intelligence, nonverbal intelligence, or the discrepancy between the two was most related to autism symptoms. We found that higher verbal intelligence was most associated with less severe autism communication symptoms. Given the relevance of verbal intelligence in predicting autism symptom severity, subtyping autism on the basis of verbal intelligence could lead to more personalized treatments.

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Verbal–spatial IQ discrepancies impact brain activation associated with the resolution of cognitive conflict in children and adolescents

Cited by 11 publications

References 39 publications

Cognitive performance in children and adolescents at high-risk for obsessive-compulsive disorder

Cognitive performance in children and adolescents at high-risk for obsessive-compulsive disorder

How perception and attention participate in reading skill?

Cognitive correlates of autism spectrum disorder symptoms

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