Verifying Post-Quantum Signatures in 8 kB of RAM

González, Rubén; Hülsing, Andreas; Kannwischer, Matthias J.; Krämer, Juliane; Lange, Tanja; Stöttinger, Marc; Waitz, Elisabeth; Wiggers, Thom; Yang, Bo‐Yin

doi:10.1007/978-3-030-81293-5_12

Cited by 13 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…According to [55], Falcon is a better choice for implementing post-quantum (PQ) digital signatures on IoT platforms with limited RAM (up to about 64 KB). A similar conclusion is drawn by the authors of [56], where PQ signatures are verified on systems with 8 KB of RAM (ARM Cortex M3), including Sphincs+, thus making all three algorithms applicable for IoT in a broader context. Sphincs+ is also applicable for ARM Cortex M3 [36].…”

Section: Iot Systemssupporting

confidence: 76%

Performance and Applicability of Post-Quantum Digital Signature Algorithms in Resource-Constrained Environments

Vidaković,

Miličević

2023

Algorithms

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The continuous development of quantum computing necessitates the development of quantum-resistant cryptographic algorithms. In response to this demand, the National Institute of Standards and Technology selected standardized algorithms including Crystals-Dilithium, Falcon, and Sphincs+ for digital signatures. This paper provides a comparative evaluation of these algorithms across key metrics. The results indicate varying strengths and weaknesses for each algorithm, underscoring the importance of context-specific deployments. Our findings indicate that Dilithium offers advantages in low-power scenarios, Falcon excels in signature verification speed, and Sphincs+ provides robust security at the cost of computational efficiency. These results underscore the importance of context-specific deployments in specific and resource-constrained technological applications, like IoT, smart cards, blockchain, and vehicle-to-vehicle communication.

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Section: Iot Systemssupporting

confidence: 76%

Performance and Applicability of Post-Quantum Digital Signature Algorithms in Resource-Constrained Environments

Vidaković,

Miličević

2023

Algorithms

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“…Fritzmann et al [17] also implemented PQ algorithms on a vehicle platform and recommended that a specific HW product to be used as a PQC implementation due to its higher performance with an optimization. Gonzalez et al [19] implemented NIST round-3 candicate algorithms on a hardware platform with 8 KB of RAM. Their work shows an interesting insight into the level of constraints PQC algorithms pose on limited hardware resources.…”

Section: )mentioning

confidence: 99%

Post-Quantum Impacts on V2X Certificates – Already at The End of The Road

Yoshizawa,

Preneel

2023

2023 IEEE 97th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC2023-Spring)

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The current certificate definition for vehicle-toeverything (V2X) communication does not support forward compatibility as it does not take migration toward Post Quantum Cryptography (PQC) into account. As a result, introducing PQCcompatible certificates in V2X can result in similar to Distributed Denial-of-Service (DDoS) attack to both legacy and PQC-ready vehicles. This situation will make the deployment of PQC certificates a stalemate situation. In addition, due to the larger public key and signature sizes in PQC algorithms, V2X message size will significantly increase, causing the channel capacity and effective transmission range to decrease. This situation will negatively impact the operation of V2X communication. In this sense, any unnecessary channel usages need to be avoided. We propose to revise the certificate definitions in IEEE 1609 and ETSI Intelligent Transport System (ITS) standards to address and mitigate these issues and pave the way for the migration toward PQC algorithm.

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“…During the third round of the NIST PQC Standardization Process, more information about the computational efficiency of the finalists became available. Faster, constant-time implementations were provided for many of the algorithms (e.g., [19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26]), as were implementations that focused on limiting memory usage (e.g., [27][28][29][30][31]). More information about many of the alternate candidates became available as well.…”

Section: Cost and Performancementioning

confidence: 99%

“…As the ARM Cortex-M4 does not have support for floating-point operations, signature generation using FALCON is much slower than signature generation using Dilithium, and the difference is great enough that the total cost of using Dilithium is lower even when Dilithium's higher data transmission costs are taken into account. For the digital signature schemes, [27] demonstrated that signature verification for each of the finalists could be implemented using less than 8 KiB of RAM and with less than 8 KiB of storage for the code, and [57] presented FPGA implementations of signature verification for both Dilithium and FALCON. However, whereas key generation and signing with Dilithium may be implemented using less than 9 KiB of RAM [30], FALCON appears to require significantly more RAM [58], which may make FALCON infeasible to implement on constrained devices, such as smart cards [59].…”

Section: Cost and Performancementioning

confidence: 99%

Status report on the third round of the NIST Post-Quantum Cryptography Standardization process

Moody¹

2022

144

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The National Institute of Standards and Technology is in the process of selecting public-key cryptographic algorithms through a public, competition-like process. The new public-key cryptography standards will specify additional digital signature, public-key encryption, and key-establishment algorithms to augment Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS) 186-4, Digital Signature Standard (DSS), as well as NIST Special Publication (SP) 800-56A Revision 3, Recommendation for Pair-Wise Key-Establishment Schemes Using Discrete Logarithm Cryptography, and SP 800-56B Revision 2, Recommendation for Pair-Wise Key Establishment Using Integer Factorization Cryptography. It is intended that these algorithms will be capable of protecting sensitive information well into the foreseeable future, including after the advent of quantum computers. The first round of the NIST Post-Quantum Cryptography Standardization Process began in December 2017 with 69 candidate algorithms that met both the minimum acceptance criteria and submission requirements. The first round lasted until January 2019, during which candidate algorithms were evaluated based on their security, performance, and other characteristics. NIST selected 26 algorithms to advance to the second round for more analysis. The second round continued until July 2020, after which seven 'finalist' and eight 'alternate' candidate algorithms were selected to move into the third round. This report describes the evaluation and selection process, based on public feedback and internal review, of the third-round candidates. The report summarizes each of the 15 third-round candidate algorithms and identifies those selected for standardization, as well as those that will continue to be evaluated in a fourth round of analysis. The public-key encryption and key-establishment algorithm that will be standardized is CRYSTALS-Kyber. The digital signatures that will be standardized are CRYSTALS-Dilithium, Falcon, and SPHINCS+. While there are multiple signature algorithms selected, NIST recommends CRYSTALS-Dilithium as the primary algorithm to be implemented. In addition, four of the alternate key-establishment candidate algorithms will advance to a fourth round of evaluation: BIKE, Classic McEliece, HQC, and SIKE. These candidates are still being considered for future standardization. NIST will also issue a new Call for Proposals for public-key digital signature algorithms to augment and diversify its signature portfolio.

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Verifying Post-Quantum Signatures in 8 kB of RAM

Cited by 13 publications

References 20 publications

Performance and Applicability of Post-Quantum Digital Signature Algorithms in Resource-Constrained Environments

Performance and Applicability of Post-Quantum Digital Signature Algorithms in Resource-Constrained Environments

Post-Quantum Impacts on V2X Certificates – Already at The End of The Road

Status report on the third round of the NIST Post-Quantum Cryptography Standardization process

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