Vermibiochar: A Novel Approach for Reducing the Environmental Impact of Heavy Metals Contamination in Agricultural Land

Abstract

Environmental pollution has become a pressing concern worldwide due to the accumulation of pollutants from industries and agricultural sectors in soil and water environments. Heavy metals pose severe hazards to the environment, plants, and human health. Consequently, an eco-friendly technique is needed to combat environmental pollutants. Vermibiochar, a product prepared through the combined action of earthworms and biochar, demonstrates great potential in reducing heavy metal concentrations in contaminated soil. Its large surface area and high cation exchange capacity enhance the sorption of contaminants onto the vermibiochar surface, reducing their bioavailability. This review highlights the roles played by earthworms and biochar in heavy metal detoxification and immobilization. It discusses the current methods of remediation, vermibiochar production, its effects on soil properties and plant growth, and biochar’s impact on earthworm growth and reproduction. The studies reviewed suggest that vermibiochar is a novel strategy for addressing heavy metal contamination.

Optimization and Experiment of Livestock and Poultry Manure Composting Equipment with Vented Heating

“…In the past, soil conservation efforts have involved the use of materials such as earthworm charcoal and biochar, which were mixed to enhance soil structure and supply assimilable nutrients for plant growth [43,[47][48][49]. The research presented in this paper further bolsters the development of sustainable agricultural practices.…”

“…The aerobic fermentation process diagram for the composting equipment is illustrated in Figure 12. To prepare the compost, mix sheep manure and straw in a 20:1 ratio [44][45][46][47]. Then, add water to adjust the moisture content to 60%, followed by the addition of Manure Fermentation starter.…”

Assessing the Effectiveness of Vermi-Liquids as a Sustainable Alternative to Inorganic Nutrient Solutions in Hydroponic Agriculture: A Study on Diplotaxis muralis

“…Several approaches, such as the selection of organic waste and the addition of a low-cost adsorbent like biochar to the substrate during vermicomposting, can be helpful for the non-toxic preparation of vermitea. The high surface area and cation exchange capacity increase the sorption of heavy metals to biochar surfaces, thus reducing the availability of heavy metals for plant uptake [12]. Furthermore, the type of cultivars used has an impact on how heavy metals are absorbed by rocket plants.…”

“…Additionally, the nutrients must undergo decomposition and mineralization by microorganisms [11]. Earthworms play a significant role in organic matter decomposition through the actions of microorganisms in their digestive tract, resulting in the production of vermicompost [12]. During this process, mucus is secreted, which enhances microbial and enzymatic activity, leading to increased mineralization of organic matter.…”

Development and Evaluation of Cow Dung Composting Equipment with Ventilation and Heating

“…Aerobic fermentation composting is one of the most effective methods to address environmental pollution and soil fatigue stemming from cow manure [6][7][8]. Composting organically converts waste into high-quality fertilizer through the decomposition of microorganisms.…”