Vernalization of Immature Winter Wheat Embryos¹

Abstract

Synopsis Immature embryos of developing seeds of Comanche wheat, an obligate winter variety, were vernalized. Spikes were detached from 8 to 12 days after anthesis and chilled at 32 to 40° F. for 40 to 50 days with the stems in water in a refrigerator. Plants grown from these seeds produced heads only when subjected to a long‐day photoperiod.

Effect of embryo age and culture media on plant growth and vernalization response in winter wheat

“…GREGORY & PURVIS (1936) reported that winter rye heads chilled during the middle period of ripening vernalized whereas those chilled before and after this period did not. WEIBEL (1958) successfully vernalized (in 40-50 days) immature seeds in spikes of winter wheat 8-12 days after anthesis. KOSTJUCENKO & ZARUBAILO (1937) reported that the carbohydrate content and enzyme activity of immature seed were comparable to germinating seed.…”

Dynamic superposition of laser fields for acceleration of ions and of electrons up to TeV/cm gain

“…For this purpose one can refer to the result of Weibel (1957;1958), and confirmed by other authors (Gapunov & Miller 1958), that electrons are pushed to the nodes in a standing microwave field figure 5. For this purpose one can refer to the result of Weibel (1957;1958), and confirmed by other authors (Gapunov & Miller 1958), that electrons are pushed to the nodes in a standing microwave field figure 5.…”

“…In order to avoid plasma at all, we refer to the results of acceleration of electrons (or plasma) in the nodes of standing microwaves as proposed first by Weibel (1957Weibel ( , 1958Gapunov & Miller, 1958); in this method the action is due to ponderomotive forces which had to be generalized, for the later case of laser-plasma interaction, with respect to dielectric properties and with respect to the formulation of the nonlinear forces (Hora, Pfirsch & Schliiter 1967;Hora 1981. From there the concept of dynamic manipulation of interference fields is being developed which may cause accelerations of electrons by these fields as will be shown in § 4.…”

Simplified culture method of detached ears and its application to vernalization in wheat

“…Chilling treatment had to be started from 9 to 12 days after anthesis in wheat (Weibel, 1958) and by 14 days after anthesis in rye (Gregory & Purvis, 1938). In the present study, both winter and spring wheat cultivars were vernalized fully by the treatment with low temperature from 10 days after anthesis, but partially by the treatment from 15 days after anthesis.…”

“…Chemical treatment of sprouting seeds (Barabas & Csepely, 1978), and low temperature and chemical treatment of intact immature seeds (Weibel, 1958;Pauli et al, 1962) were examined as the alternative vernalization methods. However, there is no chemical which is effective enough to change winter growth habit into spring growth habit.…”