Verrucous Carcinoma Buschke‐Lowenstein Tumor)

Penile cancer

“…[171][172][173] Verrucous carcinoma is also linked to HPV infection, with HPV 6 and 11 being the most frequently isolated types. 41,66,174,175 In some patients with verrucous carcinoma the high-risk HPV subtypes 16, 18, and 54 have been detected 176 and linked to invasive growth in such cases. 40,177,178 Many cases have also been negative for HPV.…”

“…177,179,180 Since HPV 6 and 11 are low-risk HPV types often detected in benign lesions, it has been hypothesized that the synergistic effect of other cofactors is probably involved in the pathogenesis of this disorder. These include environmental conditions (poor hygiene, lack of circumcision, and chronic irritation), 174 immunosuppression, 181 and coexistence of other viral or inflammatory penile diseases (lichen sclerosus 172,182 ; pseudoepitheliomatous, keratotic, and micaceous balanitis 183 ; and lichen planus 184 ). Enhancement of the oncogenic properties of these low-risk viruses by genomic alterations has also been suggested on the basis of several observations (rearrangements of the noncoding region in DNA sequences, subtle aminoacid changes in the HPV 6 E7 protein, etc.).…”

Demonstration of Human Papillomavirus Type 2 in a Verrucous Carcinoma of the Foot

“…The synergistic action of other carci nogenic risk factors, i.e. lack of hygiene, infections, tobacco and the impairment of general or local cell-medi ated immunity, appears indispensable to the pathogenesis of verrucous carcinoma [13,21,24]. The mechanisms by which these cofactors in association with long persistence HPV infection induce malignancy are not well understood and must be elucidated, in the future, by further accumula tion of cases and more advanced studies.…”

Verrucous Carcinoma of the Penis: Importance of Human Papillomavirus Typing for Diagnosis and Therapeutic Decision

“…This carcinoma is extremely well differentiated and characterized by a local aggressivity with little metastatic potential [8,10,14]. This tumor has been described in nearly all parts of the body, but particu larly on the penis, where it has received many synonymous designa tions, such as 'giant condyloma' or 'Buschke-Löwenstein tumor' [15,16],Itaccounts for only 5-15%ofall penile cancers [8,10,17]. Clas-…”

“…At this stage, a diagnosis of malignancy is practically impossible, indeed, the histo logical presentation being extremely similar to that found in pseudo epitheliomatous epithelial hyperplasia and in classical condyloma acuminatum. The clinical aspect of the tumor and in particular its size, along with its resistance to the usual topical treatments (e.g., podophyllum resin), are the only criteria which permit one to suspect verrucous carcinoma [ 16].…”