“…In the design of railway bridges, the higher traffic loads, greater braking, and acceleration forces than those in road bridges, and the small allowable deflections play a decisive role. The bridge dynamics and track-structure interaction represent governing criteria in the design process of railway bridges (Marx and Geißler, 2010;Marx and Seidl, 2011;Marx and Schneider, 2014;Wenner et al, 2018Wenner et al, , 2019. The ballasted or non-ballasted track provides the connection between the track and the structure.…”