Vertebral embryology and equine congenital vertebral anomalies

Unt, V. E.; Piercy, Richard J.

doi:10.2746/095777309x419324

Cited by 11 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…In horses, developmental vertebral disorders, commonly cause malformations of the cervical vertebrae (de Heer & Nout, 2011;Dorner et al, 2022;Rendle et al, 2008;Unt & Piercy, 2009;Wong et al, 2005) while thoracic and lumbar vertebral malformations are infrequent (de Heer & Nout, 2011;Wong et al, 2005). Vertebral malformations can be congenital (present at birth) or acquired (later in life) (Wong et al, 2005).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The etiological factors causing vertebral malformations have not been fully explained in horses, but genetic and heredity factors, dietary imbalances, toxic factors, hormonal changes, environmental cusses, trauma, and in-utero insult may be responsible (Auer & Stick, 2018;Dorner et al, 2022;Kirkberger & Gottschalk, 1989;Kothstein et al, 2000;Unt & Piercy, 2009;Wong et al, 2005). It has been mentioned that alteration in genes expression, especially members of Hox family, may contribute to malformations of the axial skeleton and vertebrae (Unt & Piercy, 2009). However, the role of genetics, heredity and other factors of hemivertebra in horses are generally considered unknown, probably because of the rarity of the condition.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The vertebral column, as a central axis of the skeleton, is composed of alternating series of vertebrae (Ward et al, 2018). Several developmental vertebral defects are occurred in horses, that cervical vertebral stenotic myelopathy (CVSM) and occipitoatlantoaxial malformation (OAAM) are relatively common developmental abnormalities (Auer & Stick, 2018;Crochik et al, 2009;Unt & Piercy, 2009). However, other congenital anomalies of the vertebral column including atlantoaxial instability, block vertebrae, butterfly vertebrae, hemivertebrae, and spina bifida, occur rarely in horses (Auer & Stick, 2018).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Congenital kyphoscoliosis associated with thoracic hemivertebrae in a nine-month-old Racking filly

Ghasemi

Sadeghi Balajorshari

Mirshahi

2023

Preprint

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Thoracic hemivertebra is one of the rare congenital vertebral anomalies in horses resulting in vertebral column deformity with or without neurological signs. A nine-month-old Racking filly was presented with a distinct bump over the back region. This bump was apparent at birth and has been increasing in size. Clinical examination revealed a painless kyphoscoliosis over the thoracic vertebrae with mild ataxia and abnormal gait of hindlimbs. In plain lateral radiographs of thoracic vertebrae, hemivertebrae were seen in the 13th-15th thoracic vertebrae. At myelography performed under general anaesthesia, the ventral and dorsal aspects of the contrast medium column were narrowing at the level of the 13th-14th thoracic vertebrae, and no sign of contrast medium after the 14th thoracic vertebra that represents spinal cord compression. Little information about hemivertebra in horses exists and a better understanding of hemivertebra etiology is required.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Congenital kyphoscoliosis associated with thoracic hemivertebrae in a nine-month-old Racking filly

Ghasemi

Sadeghi Balajorshari

Mirshahi

2023

Preprint

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“…Congenital skeletal malformations result from a defective mesodermal proliferation early in embryogenesis (Van der Putte and Neetson ; Bertone and Aanes ; Unt and Piercy ). Although the exact aetiology for these congenital defects is not yet known, heritable, toxic, nutritional and infectious agents have been implicated in calves (Whitlock et al .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Congenital bilateral aplasia of the metacarpophalangeal joints in a foal

Jordana

Martens

Brantegem

et al. 2014

Equine Veterinary Education

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A 2-day-old Warmblood filly was presented for examination of an angular limb deformity of the left front limb and an upright conformation of both metacarpophalangeal joints. Radiological examination revealed bilateral absence of the metacarpophalangeal joint space with fusion of the third metacarpal bone and first phalanx (synostosis). No treatment was undertaken. The filly was readmitted to the clinic 10 weeks later for bilateral front limb lameness. On radiological examination, the synostosis of the front metacarpophalangeal joints was still present. Physitis of the distal growth plate of the right third metacarpal bone and proximal growth plate of the right proximal phalanx, and an avulsion fracture of the palmaromedial and proximal aspect of the left middle phalanx, with a cystic like lesion on the medial aspect of distal first phalanx and proximal middle phalanx were diagnosed. Given the poor prognosis, the foal was subjected to euthanasia. Post mortem examination confirmed the absence of the metacarpophalangeal joint space with a trabecular bony union between the third metacarpal bone and the first phalanx. A rudimentary joint capsule was present at the level of the absent joints as well as a small zone of articular cartilage, which invaginated over a short distance into the dorsal trabecular bone on the right front limb. On the medial aspect of the left proximal interphalangeal joint, a focal defect of articular cartilage with exposure of subchondral bone was observed. This is the first case report of a foal born with congenital aplasia of both metacarpophalangeal joints. Congenital malformations should be considered as differential diagnosis in lame foals or foals born with angular or flexural limb deformities

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“…Their function in patterning the vertebrate body plan is highly complex (Böhmer et al, 2015;Mallo et al, 2010). It has been suggested that defects in molecular and vertebrae during sclerotome differentiation, chondrification and ossification (Mallo et al, 2010;Unt & Piercy, 2009). However, the role of genetics, heredity and other factors of the vertebral column abnormalities and hemivertebra in horses are generally considered unknown, probably because of the condition's rarity.…”

Section: A S E His Tory and Clinic Al Finding Smentioning

confidence: 99%

Congenital kyphoscoliosis associated with thoracic hemivertebrae in a 9‐month‐old Racking filly

Ghasemi,

Sadeghi Balajorshari,

Mirshahi

et al. 2023

Equine Veterinary Education

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SummaryThoracic hemivertebra is a rare congenital vertebral malformations in horses resulting in vertebral column deformity with or without neurological signs. A 9‐month‐old Racking filly was presented with a distinct lump over the back region. This lump was apparent at birth and had been increasing in size. Clinical examination revealed painless kyphoscoliosis over the thoracic vertebrae with mild hindlimb ataxia and gait abnormality. Plain radiographs of the vertebral column showed 13th–16th thoracic hemivertebrae. Myelography was performed under general anaesthesia. The ventral and dorsal aspects of the contrast medium column were narrowed at the level of the 13th–14th thoracic hemivertebrae. The contrast medium was not seen caudally, suggesting spinal cord compression. Little information about hemivertebra in horses exists, and a better understanding of hemivertebra aetiology is required.

show abstract

Vertebral embryology and equine congenital vertebral anomalies

Cited by 11 publications

References 16 publications

Congenital kyphoscoliosis associated with thoracic hemivertebrae in a nine-month-old Racking filly

Congenital kyphoscoliosis associated with thoracic hemivertebrae in a nine-month-old Racking filly

Congenital bilateral aplasia of the metacarpophalangeal joints in a foal

Congenital kyphoscoliosis associated with thoracic hemivertebrae in a 9‐month‐old Racking filly

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