Vertebral Morphology in Hominoids II: The Lumbar Spine

Shapiro, Liza J.; Russo, Gabrielle A.

doi:10.1007/978-3-030-19349-2_4

Cited by 4 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 102 publications

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“…To accurately assess lumbar rigidity in great apes, it is necessary to quantify the maximum RoM. Thompson et al (2015) suggested that the lumbar rigidity of great apes may have been overestimated by showing lumbar rotation during bipedal walking similar to those of chimpanzees and humans (Shapiro & Russo, 2019). Furthermore, our study showed that the amount of rotation during bipedal walking in Japanese macaques was similar to that in humans and chimpanzees.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A comparison of axial trunk rotation during bipedal walking between humans and Japanese macaques

Kinoshita

Goto

Nakano

et al. 2020

American J Phys Anthropol

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Objectives: Human walking involves out-of-phase axial rotations of the thorax and pelvis. It has long been believed that this rotational capability is a distinctive feature of the genus Homo. However, Thompson et al. (2015) showed that chimpanzees also counter-rotate their thorax relative to the pelvis during bipedal walking, which raised questions regarding the origins and development of this characteristic. In this study, we measured the axial rotation of the trunk during bipedal walking in humans and macaques to investigate if intra-trunk axial rotations are observed in non-hominoid primate species. Materials and methods: We collected three-dimensional trunk kinematic data during bipedal walking in six humans and five Japanese macaques. The human subjects walked on a treadmill, and the animal subjects walked on a 5-m runway. During walking, the positions of cluster markers, which defined trunk segments, were recorded by multiple video cameras. Segmental xyz coordinates were digitized, and transverse rotations were calculated using motion analysis software. Results: Although trunk rotations in the global coordinate system were greater in macaques than in humans, the intra-trunk rotation and range of motion showed a similar pattern in the two species. Conclusions: Thoracic rotation relative to the pelvis during bipedal walking is not unique to the hominid lineage but rather a characteristic generated by the mechanical requirements of bipedal walking. The fact that the range of motion of counter rotation is similar in these species infers that an optimal range of rotation exists for bipedal walking.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A comparison of axial trunk rotation during bipedal walking between humans and Japanese macaques

Kinoshita

Goto

Nakano

et al. 2020

American J Phys Anthropol

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“…Previous studies have demonstrated the presence of trunk rotations similar to those in humans during bipedal walking in chimpanzees (Thompson et al, 2015) and macaques (Blickhan et al, 2021; Kinoshita et al, 2021; Ogihara et al, 2010). Unfortunately, however, the behavior of each vertebra in non‐human primates during trunk rotation is not yet fully understood, both in vivo and in vitro (Shapiro & Russo, 2019). An exception to this is a biomechanical study that evaluated cynomolgus macaques ( Macaca fascicularis ) in order to compare the lumbar function of mammals (Gál, 1993a, 1993b).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As a result, lateral flexion and rotation are to some extent possible, but flexion and extension are significantly restricted. On the other hand, the articular surfaces of the prezygapophyses in lumbar vertebrae face dorsomedially, allowing for flexion and extension, but limiting lateral flexion and rotation (Panjabi & White, 1980; Russo, 2010; Shapiro & Russo, 2019). Specific vertebrae with prezygapophyses that have articular surfaces facing coronally, and postzygapophyses that have articular surfaces facing ventrolaterally, are known as transitional vertebrae.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, since Lanier's (1939) study, in addition to the traditional method based on the presence of ribs, a method based on the shape and orientation of the zygapophyseal facets has also been used to classify vertebrae when distinguishing between thoracic and lumbar vertebrae. According to this method, the vertebrae with the zygapophyses that possess relatively flat and more coronally oriented articular facets are defined as thoracic vertebrae, while the vertebrae with the prezygapophyses whose articular facets are concave and face dorsomedially are defined as lumbar vertebrae (Russo, 2010; Shapiro & Russo, 2019; Washburn & Buettner‐Janusch, 1952). Previous studies have frequently utilized these factors as criteria to distinguish between the thoracic and lumbar spine, given the notion that the orientation and shape of the articular processes exert a substantial influence on spinal motion (Russo, 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Range of rotation of thoracolumbar vertebrae in Japanese macaques

Kinoshita

Hirasaki

2023

The Anatomical Record

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In humans, the range of thoracic vertebral rotation is known to be greater than that of the lumbar vertebrae due to their zygapophyseal orientation and soft tissue structure. However, little is known regarding vertebral movements in non‐human primate species, which are primarily quadrupedal walkers. To understand the evolutionary background of human vertebral movements, this study estimated the range of axial rotation of the thoracolumbar spine in macaque monkeys. First, computed tomography (CT) was performed while passively rotating the trunk of whole‐body cadavers of Japanese macaques, after which the motion of each thoracolumbar vertebra was estimated. Second, to evaluate the influence of the shoulder girdle and surrounding soft tissues, specimens with only bones and ligaments were prepared, after which the rotation of each vertebra was estimated using an optical motion tracking system. In both conditions, the three‐dimensional coordinates of each vertebra were digitized, and the axial rotational angles between adjacent vertebrae were calculated. In the whole‐body condition, the lower thoracic vertebrae had a greater range of rotation than did the other regions, similar to that observed in humans. In addition, absolute values for the range of rotation were similar between humans and macaques. However, in the bone–ligament preparation condition, the upper thoracic vertebrae had a range of rotation similar to that of the lower thoracic vertebrae. Contrary to previous speculations, our results showed that the mechanical restrictions by the ribs were not as significant; rather, the shoulder girdle largely restricted the rotation of the upper thoracic vertebrae, at least, in macaques.

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“…However, since the work of Lanier (1939), an alternative method based on the shape and orientation of the zygapophyses has also been used. According to this method, vertebrae with more coronally oriented zygapophyses are defined as thoracic vertebrae, while vertebrae with dorsomedially oriented prezygapophyses are defined as lumbar vertebrae, and a specific vertebra on the border are called transitional thoracic vertebrae (Russo, 2010;Shapiro & Russo, 2019;Washburn & Buettner-Janusch, 1952). In hominoids, where the transitional thoracic vertebra is typically the lowest rib-bearing vertebra, the choice between definitions does not yield a significant difference.…”

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confidence: 99%

Variation of thoracolumbar vertebral morphology in anthropoid primates

Kinoshita,

Hirasaki

2024

American Journal of Biological Anthropology

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ObjectivesMorphological variation among extant primates in the lumbar vertebral column is well studied. However, knowledge concerning the thoracic spine, an important region responsible for supporting and facilitating movement in the upper trunk, remains relatively scarce. Consequently, our comprehension of the functional differentiation exhibited throughout the thoracolumbar vertebral column among various primate species remains constrained. In this study, we examined patterns of morphological variation in the thoracolumbar vertebral column of extant hominoids, cercopithecoids, and Ateles.Materials and MethodsWe collected external shape data on 606 thoracic and lumbar vertebrae from Homo sapiens, Pan troglodytes, Hylobates lar, Macaca fuscata, Chlorocebus aethiops, Colobus guereza, Ateles geoffroyi, and A. belzebuth. Forty‐four landmarks were obtained on the three‐dimensional surface. Geometric morphometrics was used to quantify the centroid size and variation of the shapes of thoracic and lumbar vertebrae.ResultsCercopithecoids exhibited greater variation in the size and shape of their thoracic and lumbar vertebrae compared to hominoids and Ateles. Although many vertebral features contributed to the observed variation throughout the thoracolumbar vertebral column within the taxon, the transverse and spinous processes exhibited relatively major contributions.DiscussionOur results suggest that quadrupedal locomotion requires the functional differentiation between thoracic and lumbar vertebrae, and for hominoids, functional adaptation to orthograde posture necessitates a relatively more uniform shape of thoracic and lumbar vertebrae.

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Vertebral Morphology in Hominoids II: The Lumbar Spine

Cited by 4 publications

References 102 publications

A comparison of axial trunk rotation during bipedal walking between humans and Japanese macaques

A comparison of axial trunk rotation during bipedal walking between humans and Japanese macaques

Range of rotation of thoracolumbar vertebrae in Japanese macaques

Variation of thoracolumbar vertebral morphology in anthropoid primates

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