Vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers: Design, growth, fabrication, characterization

Jewell, J. L.; Harbison, J. P.; Scherer, Axel; Lee, Y.H.; Florez, L. T.

doi:10.1109/3.89950

Cited by 504 publications

(112 citation statements)

References 65 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

108

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Highly controlled light output from microcavity lightemitting diodes ͑LEDs͒ and vertical cavity surface emitting lasers ͑VCSELs͒ is of practical application, 1 while organic microcavities have also successfully supported laser operation. 2 When cooled sufficiently, optimally designed semiconductor microcavities enter a regime of strong coupling in which the exciton resonance mixes sufficiently with the cavity photon mode to form two new polariton modes.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Asymmetric angular emission in semiconductor microcavities

et al. 2000

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Strongly angular-dependent emission properties are observed from a semiconductor microcavity pumped along a critical angle of incidence. In contrast to the luminescence from conventional semiconductor heterostructures, the emission is completely asymmetrical with respect to the sample normal. The results imply that parametric scattering dominates the energy relaxation of polaritons, and is enhanced by the deformed shape of the dispersion relations.Planar semiconductor microcavities are of considerable interest because they can be used to modify and enhance optical emission from embedded semiconductor heterostructures. Highly controlled light output from microcavity lightemitting diodes ͑LEDs͒ and vertical cavity surface emitting lasers ͑VCSELs͒ is of practical application, 1 while organic microcavities have also successfully supported laser operation.2 When cooled sufficiently, optimally designed semiconductor microcavities enter a regime of strong coupling in which the exciton resonance mixes sufficiently with the cavity photon mode to form two new polariton modes. 3 Recent publications highlight the nonlinear power dependence of the luminescence from such samples and have controversially attributed it to stimulated scattering. [4][5][6][7] However under nonresonant pumping, light from these heterostructures, as from bare quantum wells, remains symmetrically distributed about the normal to the sample.In this paper, we comprehensively characterize both spectrally and angularly, the emission of light from microcavity samples which are resonantly pumped at a critical angle. In this regime strong angular asymmetries are seen in the photoluminescence, produced by parametric scattering between pairs of polaritons with different in-plane momentum and energy. Strong nonlinearities in the emission are produced when this scattering is stimulated by occupation of the final polariton state. By simultaneously injecting a pulse of light incident normally, the parametric scattering is externally stimulated and the two final states clearly observed.Angular measurements on these microcavity polaritons provide crucial information because they probe the whole range of exciton-photon interactions, starting from 0°where the coupling is strong and reaching Ϯ55°where the two modes are effectively not coupled. 8 Our experimental geometry concentrates on resonant pulsed excitation at the point of inflection of the lower polariton dispersion (k ʈ ϭ2.1ϫ10 6 m Ϫ1 ), while detecting the time-integrated luminescence emerging at different angles ͑Fig. 1͒. When the exciton and photon modes are degenerate at ϭ0°( ex ϭ cav ), this pump configuration generates parametric scattering shown by arrows in Fig. 2͑a͒, in which pump polariton pairs at ( p ,k p ) end up at both ( p Ϯ⑀,kϮq).9 To demonstrate the strong sensitivity of this scattering rate to the final state population, a normally incident probe pulse can be set to arrive simultaneously with the pump pulse. In order to inject polaritons at specific (,k), the optical pulses are spectrally fil...

show abstract

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Asymmetric angular emission in semiconductor microcavities

et al. 2000

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…When the reflectivity of DBR mirrors is increased to high values approaching almost unity the round trip losses became small and at high excitation the threshold of a stimulated emission can be overpassed. This takes place in the VCSEL and VECSEL (acronyms for vertical cavity surface emitting laser [25][26][27] and vertical external cavity surface emitting laser [28,29]). Those surface emitting lasers differ only by top mirror.…”

Section: Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Lasersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optoelectronic Devices Employing One-Dimensional Photonic Structures

Muszalski

2008

Acta Phys. Pol. A

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

This paper reviews the experimental and theoretical results obtained during work on the modern semiconductor devices employing onedimensional photonic structures. After short review of the physical features of structures consisting of 1D stack of the alternating high and low index layers, particular attention will be given to unique features of the devices employing microcavities: resonant cavity LEDs, resonant-cavity enhanced photo-detectors, vertical cavity surface emitting lasers, and also vertical external cavity surface emitting lasers. At the end the semiconductor saturable absorber mirrors are discussed.

show abstract

“…Continuous Wave (CW) operation of a VCSEL was presented in 1989, by Jewell et. al, for a device emitting at 850nm (Jewell et al, 1991). This VCSEL presented two unique features as compared to the previous generation of components.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%