Vertical differences in the composition of PM10 and PM2.5 in the urban atmosphere of Osaka, Japan

Chemical Composition of PM10 and PM2.5 Collected at Ground Level and 100 Meters during a Strong Winter-Time Pollution Episode in Xi'an, China

“…Sasaki and Sakamoto 18 similarly found that the concentrations of carbonaceous species near the ground were higher than those at 200 m, and this was attributed to the abundance of primary particles at the ground. The concentrations of ground PM 10 carbonaceous species observed in our study were lower than those reported by Cao et al 5 in Xi'an, but they much higher than those observed at Beijing at ground level or 100 m. 18 With reference to PM 2.5 , the OC and EC concentrations at the ground were higher than those at 100 m (Table 1), but they were lower than what was observed at Beijing by Chan et al 18 Whereas the ground-level PM 2.5 OC we observed was lower than that measured by Cao et al, 5 the PM 2.5 EC was at nearly the same level as in that earlier study. At the ground site, PM 2.5 OC accounted for 98% of the PM 10 OC, but the percentage decreased to 77% at 100 m. A similar trend was found for PM 2.5 /PM 10 EC ratios; these were 0.78 at ground and 0.67 at 100 m. In fact, the vertical patterns of both OC and EC were similar to that of PM mass.…”

“…Several recent studies on the vertical profiles of aerosol physical and chemical properties in other regions have demonstrated their value in terms of understanding issues involving urban air quality, human health, and urban climate change. [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20] For example, Chan et al 16 investigated the vertical profiles and sources of PM 2.5 , PM 10 , and carbonaceous species in Beijing, and they found clear differences between the concentrations and sources for PM and carbon fractions at the ground versus 100, 200, and 325 m. Atmospheric trace gases and particles were measured at heights of 10 and 32 m at the Gustavii Cathedral in Göteborg, Sweden, 12 and that study showed that soil-derived elements and TSP were in greater abundances at the lower level, whereas nitric acid and nitric oxide showed higher concentrations at the upper level. Sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide, as well as many of the elements in the TSP, showed equal concentrations at the two levels.…”

Investigation of Variations in Suspended Particulate Matter with Enforcement of Regulations on Diesel Vehicle Exhaust in Suburban Japan

“…species Carbonaceous species, including OC and EC, are major components of SPM, especially fine particles, in Japan (10), (11) . EC is graphitic carbon formed during incomplete combustion of carbon-based fuels (14) .…”

“…14048206, 2002-2005) from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT), Japan.…”

“…In Japan, many studies on the sources and chemical composition of atmospheric particles in urban and suburban areas have been carried out (5), (8), (10), (11) . However, few studies on SPM characteristics before and after the Regulation on Diesel Vehicle Exhaust came into force in October 2003 have been conducted in the greater Tokyo Metropolitan Area; thus, more information is needed.…”