Vertical Dipole Above the Lossy Dielectric Half-Space—A Characteristic Mode Analysis

Abstract

This work introduces a theoretical extension of the characteristic mode formulation for analysing the vertical electric dipole lying above a lossy dielectric half-space. As the conventional characteristic formulation fails to maintain the orthogonality of the characteristic field modes over the infinite sphere, an alternate modal formulation is proposed here to maintain the orthogonality for both the current and field modes. The modal results are found to match closely with its method of moment counterparts. Later, the modes of an isolated dipole with no ground plane have been used to predict the role of the lossy ground plane through a theory of the linear combination of the eigenvectors. The proposed formulations have been studied with different heights from the ground plane and are compared with the direct modal solutions to validate its accuracy. It helps to provide a thorough understanding of how the isolated modes interact among each other to constitute the perturbed modes in the presence of the lossy half-space. It can find application to include the lossy earth effect in the study of the lightning fields and the path loss modelling of the antennas over the lossy ground.

Electromagnetic Field Variation of ELF Near-Region Excited by HED in a Homogeneous Half-Space Model

“…For example, the method of moment (MOM) [18][19][20] has a singularity in the calculation of the near-field, and it is difficult to deal with it. The finite element method (FEM) [21][22][23] and finite difference time domain Generally speaking, the long-term focus of EM research has been on the far-field characteristics of traditional problems such as EM propagation, radiation, and scattering, while the attention and research on the near-field characteristics are still relatively weak [10][11][12]. Sommerfeld was the first to give the approximate integral expression of EM field for electric dipoles in homogeneous half-space (hereinafter referred to as the Sommerfeld integral) [13], but this expression is difficult to solve by simple numerical integration.…”