Vertical distribution of zoocenoses in the streams of the Tatra, Caucasus and Balkans Mts.

Kownacka, Marta; Kownacki, Andrzej

doi:10.1080/03680770.1972.11899533

Cited by 33 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…Indeed, low temperature appears to be the primary factor responsible for the distinctive nature of the kryon fauna. The distinct gladal brook biocoenosis occurs in both clear and turbid meltwater streams (Kownacka & Kownacki, 1972), but not, as indicated above, unless the source is exclusively gladal in origin.…”

Section: Kryalmentioning

confidence: 98%

Ecology of alpine streams

1994

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1. This review examines ecological conditions and zoobenthic communities of kryal, krenal and rhithral streams of the alpine zone. Altitudinal and biogeographical faunal patterns are also analysed. 2. Kiyal segments, fed by glacial meltwater, are characterized by low temperatures (Tniax ^4°C) and large diel flow fluctuations in summer. The water may be clear or turbid from suspended rock flour. Fishes and higher plants are absent. The macroalga Hydrurus foetidus may be abundant in kryal and other alpine stream types of the Holarctic. The highly restricted cosmopolitan fauna of glacial brooks consists of diamesine chironomids, sometimes accompanied by simuliids. Sparse food resources include algae and allochthonous (aeolian) organic matter. 3. Rhithral segments in alpine catchments are characterized by soft water, a hydrograph dominated by an extended period of snowmelt runoff, and a broader temperature range than kryal or krenal biotopes. Bryophytes, macroalgae (chrysophytes, chlorophytes, cyanophytes, rhodophytes) and epiphytic and epilithic diatoms constitute the flora. A relatively diverse zoobenthos includes four orders of insects (Plecoptera, Ephemeroptera, Trichoptera, Diptera), turbellarians, acarines, oligochaetes and nematodes. 4. Krenal segments, fed by groundwater, are typically calcareous with summer-cool and winter-warm thermal conditions, high water clarity, and constant flow regimes. Bryophytes and macroalgae are accompanied by a rich diatom flora. The zoobenthos consists of a composite of kryal and rhithral elements with few crenobionts. Zoobenthos spedes richness values are intermediate between those of kryal and rhithral segments, whereas densities in perennial, well-oxygenated springbrooks far exceed those in other alpine stream types. 5. Downstream faunal changes are most predictable in kryal segments where chironomjds of the genus Diamesa are the predominant, if not sole, members of the zoobenthos in the upper zone of glacial brooks, the metakryal. Where Tmax exceeds about 2°C the transition to the hypokryal occurs and Diamesa is co-dominant with simuliids. These largely stenozonal headwater forms decline downstream where T^ax exceeds about 4°C, concomitant with a marked increase in the euryzonal mountain fauna. 6. Spedes occurring in alpine rhithral biotopes tend to be euryzonal forms at their upper altitudinal limits, whereas the lower elevation mountain stream fauna consists of spedes with narrower distribution limits. There is, however, a predpitous drop in mean altitudinal range from the alpine rhithral to the kryal because of the stenozonal nature of the gladal brook fauna. 7. The view that effects of temperature on generation time and mutation rate determine the speed at which selection proceeds is consistent with altitudinal spedes richness patterns exhibited by zoobenthos along the altitudinal gradient and may provide an evolutionary explanation for the low faunal diversity in alpine headwaters. 8. With increasing altitude, mountain 'islands' become progressively insular as area decr...

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Section: Kryalmentioning

confidence: 98%

Ecology of alpine streams

1994

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“…All these factors have a negative influence on the development of the fauna, which becomes extremely poor. However, the majority of investigations carried out in high mountain streams and rivers took place during the summer period (Bretschko, 1969;Kownacka & Kownacki, 1972;Kawecka, Kownacki & Kownacka, 1977;Seather, 1968;Steffan, 1971Steffan, , 1972Steinbock, 1934).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spring benthic macroinvertebrate communities of selected streams in the High Caucasus (Azerbaijan SSR)

Kownacki

1985

Hydrobiologia

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Investigations on invertebrate fauna were carried out at fifteen sites in some chosen streams of the Caucasus (Azerbaijan SSR) in March 1970. Seventy-five taxa of invertebrates were found in the investigated streams. Chironomidae constituted the most numerous group at all sites, Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Simuliidae being other important components of the fauna. On the basis of percentage structure of dominance in the examined streams four types of faunistic communities were distinguished. The most common one was the type characteristic of high mountain streams and rivers with Diamesa sp. (gr. latitarsis) predominant. Nevertheless, in springtime this community was characterized by a greater number of taxa and a greater abundance of specimens as compared with the summer period. It may be thus assumed that the spring period in high mountain streams and rivers is more conducive to the development of the invertebrate fauna.

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“…We built two graphs, the former between three rivers (Paraná, Baía and Ivinhema rivers) and the later between the 15 months of colonization. To check the nymphs that dominated certain location or substrate, we calculated the Kownacki's dominance index (Kownacki, 1971). Analyses of Variance (ANOVA) were performed between the different Ephemeroptera attributes (density and richness) and the spatial (biological variation per rivers, sites regions and substrate types) and temporal scales (biological variation per months).…”

Section: Statistical Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of food availability and habitat features on the Ephemeroptera species composition at seasonal and spatial scales from neotropical floodplain rivers

Melo¹,

Ragonha

Pinha

et al. 2017

Braz. J. Biol.

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Brazilian floodplains have suffered great changes in their natural characteristics in recent decades, mainly in the flood pulse. The Upper Paraná River floodplain is one of the few places where are found remained areas in which such peculiar characteristics keep reflecting on its high biodiversity. Ephemeroptera nymphs are one of the higher density groups among benthic community, occurring in many water bodies like large rivers and secondary channels. We sought to understand which factors are needed for the species establishment and how much important is the species colonization, especially in environments with anthropogenic changes. The marginal areas, which are more structured with presence of macrophytes, showed the highest density and richness even in the Paraná River that has great human impact. We verified dominance of Americabaetis alphus, Tricorythopsis araponga, Tricorythopsis artigas on the Parana River, correlated with transparency, depth and electric conductivity, while the dominance of Traverella sp. was correlated with water temperature, especially in marginal areas. Consequently, the increasing transparency and electric conductivity due to the Porto Primavera dam in Parana River can be favoring those Ephemeroptera species. We demonstrated the importance of preserving the wetlands of Ivinhema River State Park mainly for Guajirolus sp., which was only registered in this region. Therefore, our study provides support for understanding gaps from previously studies using artificial substrates in three large rivers which are of great importance to the upper Paraná River floodplain.Keywords: zoobenthos, insect nymphs, colonization, biodiversity, richness.Efeitos da disponibilidade de alimento e características do habitat sobre a composição de espécies de Ephemeroptera nas escalas sazonal e espacial de rios de planície neotropicais ResumoMuitas planícies de inundação brasileiras vêm sofrendo enormes alterações em suas características naturais nas últimas décadas, principalmente no pulso de inundação. A planície de inundação do alto rio Paraná é um dos poucos lugares onde ainda há áreas nas quais essas características peculiares se mantêm, o que reflete em sua alta biodiversidade. Dentre a comunidade zoobentônica, Ephemeroptera é um dos grupos com maior densidade, ocorrendo em diversos corpos aquáticos como rios de grande porte e canais secundários. Nós buscamos compreender quais fatores são necessários para o estabelecimento das espécies e o quão importante é a colonização dessas espécies, principalmente em ambientes com modificações antrópicas. As áreas marginais mais estruturadas com presença de macrófitas apresentaram altas densidade e riqueza mesmo no rio Paraná que apresenta grande impacto antrópico. Verificamos que as dominâncias de Americabaetis alphus, Tricorythopsis araponga e Tricorythopsis artigas no rio Paraná foram correlacionadas com maiores valores de transparência, profundidade e condutividade, enquanto que a dominância de Traverella sp. foi correlacionada com temperatura, principal...

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Vertical distribution of zoocenoses in the streams of the Tatra, Caucasus and Balkans Mts.

Cited by 33 publications

References 2 publications

Ecology of alpine streams

Ecology of alpine streams

Spring benthic macroinvertebrate communities of selected streams in the High Caucasus (Azerbaijan SSR)

Effects of food availability and habitat features on the Ephemeroptera species composition at seasonal and spatial scales from neotropical floodplain rivers

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