Vertical Fine Structure of Particulate Matter and Nutrients in Sea Ice of the High Arctic

Smith, Ralph E. H.; Harrison, W. G.; Harris, Leslie R.; Herman, Alex W.

doi:10.1139/f90-154

Cited by 85 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Median TEP concentrations within the ice corresponded with values found by Passow et al (1994) during coastal diatom blooms. The build-up of organic material in the ice is thought to be produced by diatom species within the bottom ice community (Smith et al 1990). In our study, bacteria were relatively more abundant in the water column than the signals of TEP and diatoms across the ice±water interface, which was very similar, with higher relative concentrations inside the ice.…”

Section: Methods Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Abundance and variability of microorganisms and transparent exopolymer particles across the ice-water interface of melting first-year sea ice in the Laptev Sea (Arctic)

Krembs

Engel²

2001

Marine Biology

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The distribution and abundance of transparent exopolymer particles (TEP) was determined in and below pack ice of the Laptev Sea from July to September 1995. Samples were collected from the lowermost 10 cm of icē oes and at 10 cm below the ice±water interface. Abundance of bacteria, protists and TEP was determined, and the sea ice±water boundary layer was characterized using temperature, salinity and molecular viscous shear stress. TEP, with a distinct size distribution signal, were found in highest concentrations inside the sea ice, ranging from not detectable to 16 cm 2 l )1 (median: 2.9 cm 2 l )1 ). In the water, concentrations were one order of magnitude lower, ranged from below detection to 2.7 cm 2 l )1 (median: 0.2 cm 2 l )1 ) and decreased after the middle of August, whereas abundances of autotrophic¯agellates (AF), diatoms, heterotrophic¯agellates (HF) and ciliates increased. The abundance of TEP decreased with its size in all samples following a power law relationship. The relation of TEP to the microbial community diered between the sea ice and water, being positively correlated with bacteria and diatoms in the ice and negatively correlated with HF in the sea water. The presence of a pycnocline signi®cantly in¯uenced the abundance of organisms, diatom composition and TEP concentrations. Pennate diatoms dominated by Nitzschia frigida were most abundant inside the ice. Though bacteria have the potential to produce exopolymeric substances (EPS), the results of this study indicate that the majority of TEP at the ice±water interface in ®rst-year Arctic summer pack ice are produced by diatoms.

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Section: Methods Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Abundance and variability of microorganisms and transparent exopolymer particles across the ice-water interface of melting first-year sea ice in the Laptev Sea (Arctic)

Krembs

Engel²

2001

Marine Biology

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“…If either of these 2 factors is valid, then the nutrient concentrations in the ice were primarily a result of their concentration in the underlying water, with decreasing concentrations from bottom to top, further modified by physical and biological processes in the ice, and not substantially influenced by the atmosphere. Due to the wide range of nutrient concentrations measured in studies from Arctic (Maestrini et al 1986, Cota et al 1987, Smith et al 1990, Hudier & Ingram 1994 and Antarctic sea ice (Dieckmann et al 1991, Gleitz et al 1995) a comparison is difficult because the studies were carried out at different seasons and data were usually not normalized to accord with salinities of the surrounding seawater. Generally high nutrient concentrations for water were observed in Antarctica Fig.…”

Section: Tbn Tbbmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bacteria in sea ice and underlying brackish water at 54°26'5"N (Baltic Sea, Kiel Bight)

Möck

Meiners²,

Giesenhagen³

1997

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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Bacterial response to the rare event of solid ice cover in the western Baltic Sea (Kiel Bight) was investigated from February to March 1996. Samples (ice cores, brine and water) were taken at a shallow, near-shore station at irregular time intervals. Bacterial abundance, biomass and production were measured in brine and the underlying water as were the concentrations of NOa, NOa, NH,, PO, and SiO,. Vertical distributions of bacterial abundance, biomass, morphotypes and size classes and chlorophyll a and nutrients were investigated within sea ice. A bacterial growth experiment with brine bacteria was carried out to measure bacterial carbon production via total incorporation of [3H]thymidine (TTI) and [ 3~] l e u c i n e (TLI). During February the abundance, biomass and production of bacteria within brine exceeded values from under-ice water, whereas the opposite was observed in March. High N o 3 and NH4 concentrations in ice and under-ice water of up to 112 pM and 55 pM, respectively, resulted in N:P ratios of 18 to 330. Algae and bacteria were considered to benefit from that nutrient supply. For bacteria this was supported by TT1 and particularly high TLI rates during the ice situation, with TL1:TTI ratios of 25 to 213. The high TLI rates were due to a large degree of unspecific labeling by leucine and characterised the bacleria during winter 1996 as extremely active. Bacterial production (based on TTI) rose in water from 0.021 1-19 C 1-' h-' at the beginning to 0.909 pg C 1-' h-' at the end of the investigation, and in brine from 0.122 to 0.235 pg C 1-' h-'. Abundance of bacteria in brine increased from 1.7 X 106 cells ml-' initially to 2.8 X 10' cells ml-' in March. The average cell volume of these bacteria was 0.2 pm3 whereas the bactena in water reached only 0.08 pm3 The bacterial assemblage in the ice was dominated by large rods and in the water by small rods and cocci. Bacterivorous activity within sea ice was assumed to be reduced due to the speclfic vertlcal distribution of the different bacterial size classes. This was further supported by a good correlation between the development of the bacterial standing stock and the potential blomass, in sea ice as well as in the underlying water, calculated from generation times towards the end of the investigation. Low grazing pressure, high standing stocks of algae and sufficient substrate supply accounted for bacterial biornass within the ice and the underlying water that exceeded that from former winters by far A comparison with Arctic and Antarctic sites demonstrated that the bacterial community withln the sea ice showed many similarities to those found in sea ice of polar regions.

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“…Gosselin et al 1997). Ice algal chlorophyll (chl) a biomass in the bottom layer of Arctic first-year sea ice may vary considerably between areas and may reach concentrations of 250 mg m -2 (Smith et al 1990). Although light and nutrient conditions can limit ice algal production (e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seasonal changes in the sinking export of particulate material under first-year sea ice on the Mackenzie Shelf (western Canadian Arctic)

Juul-Pedersen¹,

Michel²,

Gosselin³

et al. 2008

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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The sinking export of particulate material under landfast first-year sea ice was studied from the winter period to spring melt on the Mackenzie Shelf, western Canadian Arctic. Short-term particle interceptor traps were deployed at 1, 15, and 25 m under the ice on 16 consecutive occasions from 23 February to 20 June 2004. The sinking material was analyzed for chlorophyll (chl) a, phaeopigments, total particulate carbon (TPC), particulate organic carbon and nitrogen (POC and PON), and biogenic silica (BioSi). The sinking fluxes of chl a and BioSi increased steadily after 19 March and until the onset of spring melt (26 May), after which they increased considerably. The contribution of large algae (> 5 µm) to the total chl a sinking flux also increased after 19 March, reflecting an increasing contribution of diatoms to the sinking export of algal material. Accordingly, chl a sinking fluxes at 1 m showed a significant linear relationship with bottom ice chl a biomass. On average, 46% of the chl a exported at 1 m was lost in the upper 25 m. POC was the main component of the TPC sinking fluxes throughout the study. POC sinking fluxes remained fairly stable until the onset of spring melt, after which a considerable increase was observed. High POC:chl a ratios indicated a significant contribution of non-algal material to the sinking POC. The daily sinking loss rate of chl a, POC, and PON from the sea ice and interfacial layer (top 1 m of the water column) varied seasonally and was highest during the winter period. Our results illustrate the continuous downward sinking export of organic material under landfast ice, from winter throughout late spring.

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Vertical Fine Structure of Particulate Matter and Nutrients in Sea Ice of the High Arctic

Cited by 85 publications

References 17 publications

Abundance and variability of microorganisms and transparent exopolymer particles across the ice-water interface of melting first-year sea ice in the Laptev Sea (Arctic)

Abundance and variability of microorganisms and transparent exopolymer particles across the ice-water interface of melting first-year sea ice in the Laptev Sea (Arctic)

Bacteria in sea ice and underlying brackish water at 54°26'5"N (Baltic Sea, Kiel Bight)

Seasonal changes in the sinking export of particulate material under first-year sea ice on the Mackenzie Shelf (western Canadian Arctic)

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