Vertical migration of 60Co, 137Cs and 226Ra in agricultural soils as observed in lysimeters under crop rotation

Shinonaga, Taeko; Schimmack, W.; Gerzabek, Martin H.

doi:10.1016/j.jenvrad.2004.05.018

Cited by 26 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…A study of the vertical transport of 60 Co, 137 Cs, and 226 Ra in agricultural soils placed in a 1 m 2 cross section lysimeter facility with crop rotation and plowing to depths of 20 cm each year showed that after nine years there was very little vertical migration of these three contaminants below the 20-cm depth of plowing (Shinonaga et al 2005). Shinonaga et al (2005) concluded that using large K d values for these three contaminants such as those tabulated by Sheppard and Thibault (1990) are justified. The Sheppard and Thibault (1990) K d values are the same as those found in and listed in Table 1.3.…”

Section: Additional Informationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Kd Values for Agricultural and Surface Soils for Use in Hanford Site Farm, Residential, and River Shoreline Scenarios

Serne¹

2007

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SummaryThis report provides best estimate K d values and a minimum and maximum range of K d values to be used for agricultural soils and Columbia River bank sediments that exist today or would exist in the future when portions of the Hanford Site are released for farming, residential, and recreational use after the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) completes clean up of defense waste on the site. The K d values should be used to determine the fate and transport rates of contaminants and their availability for plant and animal uptake in selected non-groundwater scenarios included in Hanford Site environmental impact statements, risk assessments and specific facility performance assessments.This report describes scenarios such as a small farm where drilling of a well inadvertently goes through buried waste and brings waste to the surface, allowing the tailings to become available for direct human exposure or incorporation into garden crops and farm animals used for food by the farm family. The K d values recommended in this report can also be used to calculate sediment-water partitioning factors used to predict plant and animal uptake from interaction with the contaminated soil.The values recommended herein should not be used to predict exposure to contaminants in drinking water or from water used for irrigation. For the waterborne scenarios, K d values recommended in Last et al. (2004) and Krupka et al. (2004) should be used because they better predict the distribution and mobility of contaminants in water.Other non-groundwater scenarios include (1) recreational or native American use of the Columbia River bank that exposes humans to contaminants adsorbed to the river bank sediments, (2) contaminants transferred from sediments to plants or animals that reside along the Columbia River bank, and (3) any other scenario that requires estimation of soil-to-plant or soil-to-animal transfer parameters that are often calculated based on soil K d values.For these non-groundwater exposure scenarios, choosing a larger K d value from available values will be "conservative" in the sense that large K d values keep the contaminant available longer (retains more contaminants in the soils) such that exposure to humans or incorporation into animals and plants is maximized. Therefore, the K d values in this report are slightly biased to keep the contaminants near the ground surface for longer time periods. Upon exposure to water or by direct contact, the contaminated near-surface soils allow more opportunity for direct exposure and incorporation into plant matter and animals.The following contaminants of concern were the focus of the search: americium,

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Section: Additional Informationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Kd Values for Agricultural and Surface Soils for Use in Hanford Site Farm, Residential, and River Shoreline Scenarios

Serne¹

2007

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“…[59,63,[67][68][69]). Most relevant to work presented in this chapter are the rate and strength of retention (sorption) to fine sediment, the solubility and migration of 60 Co, and its rate of biological uptake (bio-uptake) and accumulation, and thus its potential toxicity to organisms.…”

Section: The Anthropogenic Radionuclide Cobalt-60mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These range from particle size characteristics of the material being labelled and traced, the organic matter (OM) content, pH, Eh, temperature, moisture and time [59,68,70]. K d values for 60 Co, obtained from wide ranging soil-types, indicate that sorption is typically high to very high [59,69]. Numerous researchers have reported that pH represents a major controlling factor that can frequently dominate the rate at which sorption occurs, especially in acidic (i.e.…”

Section: Cobaltmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…pH neutral and upwards, and by ~pH 8, sorption to sediment is reportedly ~100% [59,71,72]. Under environmental conditions typically encountered in agricultural environments, therefore, sorption of 60 Co to soil is both rapid and considered to be largely irreversible [59,69,71,73]. The environmental characteristics of 60 Co have resulted in it being used as a tracer in a wide variety of investigations over approximately the last six decades.…”

Section: Cobaltmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Studies that have made reference to those particular characteristics do not discuss its toxicity potential in great detail (e.g. [51,55,56,69,74,75]) but infer that its likely rate of transfer and accumulation from soils into and through the food chain and its injurious potential to organisms at low concentrations are minimal. This inference is corroborated, albeit by logic alone, via the wide variety of ecological and medical tracing applications where 60 Co has been introduced onto, or into, numerous organisms (including humans) during tracing investigations, some of which are listed in Table 1.…”

Section: Cobaltmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

A Review of the Radionuclide, Cobalt-60, as a Fine-Sediment Tracer

Greenwood¹

2017

Cobalt

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The chapter firstly outlines the global crisis concerning accelerated soil erosion, the implications that this could have on longer-term food security and ways that soil loss has been quantified originally through catchment-scale monitoring but with a recent shift toward the use of sediment tracers. It then briefly reviews some of the most commonly used tracers in sedimentation studies, before focusing on artificial, gamma-emitting radionuclides, and in particular, on Cobalt-60 (Co-60). Some historical background information on previous uses of Co-60 are then provided, and the suite of key environmental characteristics that, from the perspective of studies in hydrology and geomorphology, make Co-60 a potentially attractive candidate for fine-sediment tracing. The chapter then outlines and reviews three ways in which Co-60 has been experimentally applied in varying erosion and sedimentation scenarios where most of the more commonly used tracers would be unsuitable or would lack the level of sensitivity needed to return meaningful data. It then outlines some of the notable drawbacks associated with using Co-60, before highlighting refinements and prospects for future work. The chapter finally concludes by evaluating the versatility and efficacy of Co-60 as a fine-sediment tracer.

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Radium: Radionuclides

Vandenhove¹,

Verrezen²,

Landa³

2005

Encyclopedia of Inorganic Chemistry

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This article describes (1) the occurrence, chemistry, and bioavailability of radium (Ra) in terrestrial and aquatic environments, and its analysis in environmental samples, (2) the nature of naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM) and their role in radium‐contamination scenarios, and (3) the geochemical processes and remedial measures associated with radium‐contaminated water and soil. Radium is the heaviest of the Group II, alkaline earth metals. Radium is exclusively divalent and its chemistry resembles that of barium. Radium has a limited environmental mobility due to sorption (e.g., by hydrous oxides of Fe, Mn, and Al) and coprecipitation reactions (e.g., with barite). All isotopes of radium (atomic number 88) are radioactive. The most important radium isotopes are 226 Ra (half life 1600 years) and 228 Ra (half life 5.7 years), decay products of, respectively, the 238 U and the 232 Th series. As members of natural radioactive decay series, these radium isotopes are found in uranium‐ and thorium‐bearing minerals. Concentrations of uranium and thorium in rocks can range from those of ore‐grade deposits to the trace levels typical of common rock‐forming minerals. In uncontaminated surface waters, radium content is generally low and within a narrow range (0.5–20 mBq l −1 ). Radium in groundwater is highly variable (<0.52–55 000 mBq l −1 ) and can arise from natural sources, resulting from the interaction of groundwater with radium‐bearing materials or indirectly from man's exploitation of the radioactive minerals of uranium and thorium. The major challenge associated with many NORM‐containing residues or NORM‐contaminated sites is the larger volumes of material and the relatively low specific activities.

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Vertical migration of 60Co, 137Cs and 226Ra in agricultural soils as observed in lysimeters under crop rotation

Cited by 26 publications

References 23 publications

Kd Values for Agricultural and Surface Soils for Use in Hanford Site Farm, Residential, and River Shoreline Scenarios

Kd Values for Agricultural and Surface Soils for Use in Hanford Site Farm, Residential, and River Shoreline Scenarios

A Review of the Radionuclide, Cobalt-60, as a Fine-Sediment Tracer

Radium: Radionuclides

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