Vertical rhizome disking to reduce Elymus repens (quackgrass) abundance in grass-clover leys

Ringselle, Björn; Brandsæter, Lars Olav; Mangerud, Kjell; Bergkvist, Göran

doi:10.1016/j.cropro.2023.106301

Cited by 3 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…This is consistent with earlier work on emergence, as emergence rate from smaller fragments is lower and subsequent plant development is delayed (Håkansson, 1971). Furthermore, it is consistent with field studies, which generally observed that increased fragmentation resulted in a better control of E. repens (Bergkvist et al, 2017;Ringselle et al, 2018Ringselle et al, , 2023. However, the link between tillage type (e.g., tool, working depth) and the fragmentation level of perennial-weed storage organs has almost never been investigated.…”

Section: Consistency With Previous Findings On Field Managementsupporting

confidence: 87%

“…Furthermore, it is consistent with field studies, which generally observed that increased fragmentation resulted in a better control of E . repens (Bergkvist et al, 2017; Ringselle et al, 2018, 2023). However, the link between tillage type (e.g., tool, working depth) and the fragmentation level of perennial‐weed storage organs has almost never been investigated.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Rhizome fragment weight and density of competing shoots determine belowground regrowth of Elymus repens

Skorupinski,

Colbach,

Busset

et al. 2024

Weed Research

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Management of perennial weeds has become increasingly complex with the reduction of herbicide use and tillage. Their capacity to store nutrients into vegetative organs and to regenerate to establish new individuals makes them very persistent and hard to control. A key aspect for managing perennial weeds is to minimise storage reserves to reduce vegetative regeneration. For that prospect, better knowledge of the regrowth capacities from storage organs is needed. Our work focused on the mechanistic understanding of belowground regrowth dynamics from fragments of Elymus repens rhizomes by analysing the effect of source and sink factors. The effect of rhizome fragment weight (i.e., source) and the number of regrowing buds and belowground shoots (i.e., sinks) was assessed for four mechanisms: sprouting, belowground shoot elongation, belowground shoot biomass to length conversion and biomass allocation to belowground shoots versus roots. Heavier fragments contributed to faster sprouting, faster belowground shoot elongation and increased the proportion of remobilised biomass allocated to belowground shoots. Higher belowground shoot density increased the proportion of remobilised biomass allocated to belowground shoots but decreased individual elongation rate. In other words, larger reserves resulted in a better regeneration capacity and a higher number of growing belowground shoots increased the competition for reserves among them. The belowground shoot that sprouted first on a fragment grew faster and dominated the other shoots on the same fragment. Dominant belowground shoots were located toward the apical end of the fragment. These findings support the fact that tillage should aim at cutting storage organs into the smallest fragments possible to reduce regeneration capacity. This study also emphasised that belowground regrowth mechanisms are complex, and further studies should investigate other species with different types of storage organs.

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Section: Consistency With Previous Findings On Field Managementsupporting

confidence: 87%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rhizome fragment weight and density of competing shoots determine belowground regrowth of Elymus repens

Skorupinski,

Colbach,

Busset

et al. 2024

Weed Research

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“…New tillage tools such as root/rhizome cutters, uprooting and rhizome removal technology, and precision hoeing present new opportunities to control perennial weeds with less soil inversion and associated risks of soil erosion (Ringselle et al, 2020). Prototypes of the vertical and horizontal root cutters have been tested against multiple perennial weed species, showing that the horizontal root cutter can reduce the expansion of C. arvense (Weigel et al, 2023) and the vertical root cutter can reduce E. repens in a growing grass-clover crop to the benefit of the crop (Ringselle et al, 2018) but that vertical root cutters are less effective in compacted soils (Ringselle et al, 2023) Precision hoeing, where the depth and angle of the hoeing implement can be continuously adjusted, could potentially be a more environmentally benign method for controlling perennial weeds, but the TRL is still low and the effect against perennial weeds is not very well studied (Gerhards et al, 2022). Machines that pull rhizomes from the ground (e.g.…”

Section: Controlling Perennial Weeds Without Glyphosate In Annual Cropsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Current and future glyphosate use in European agriculture

Neve,

Matzrafi,

Ulber

et al. 2024

Weed Research

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There has been a longstanding and contentious debate about the future of glyphosate use in the European Union (EU). In November 2023, the European Commission approved the renewal of the use registration for glyphosate for a further 10 years. Nevertheless, the EU Farm to Fork strategy calls for a 50% reduction in pesticide use by 2030. In November 2022, the European Weed Research Society organised a 2 day workshop to identify critical glyphosate uses in current EU cropping systems and to review the availability of glyphosate alternatives. Workshop participants identified four current, critical uses in EU cropping systems; control and management of perennial weeds, weed control in conservation agriculture, vegetation management in tree and vine crops and herbicide resistance management. There are few herbicide alternatives that provide effective, economic, broad‐spectrum control of weeds, particularly perennial weeds. Mechanical weed control, and in particular, soil cultivation is the most obvious glyphosate alternative. However, this is not possible in conservation agriculture systems and, in general, increased soil cultivation has negative impacts for soil health. Emerging technologies for precision weed control can enable more targeted use of glyphosate, greatly reducing use rates. These technologies also facilitate the use and development of alternative targeted physical weed control (e.g. tillage, lasers, electricity), reducing the energy and environmental costs of these approaches. In tree crops, the use of organic and inorganic mulches can reduce the need for glyphosate use. In general, reduced use of glyphosate will require an even greater focus on integrated weed management to reduce weed establishment in agroecosystems, increase weed management diversity and limit the use of alternative resistance‐prone herbicides.

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“…The rst prototype, the vertical RC (VRC; see Fig. 1A-B), cuts vertically through the soil using coulter disks and can reach 12 cm soil depth, meaning that it is likely to be most effective against species which roots/rhizomes are typically found in the upper part of the soil pro le, such as E. repens (Ringselle et al 2018(Ringselle et al , 2023Brandsaeter et al 2020). The second prototype, the horizontal RC (HRC), cuts horizontally using wide shears to a maximum depth of 30 cm (see Fig.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…and white clover (Trifolium repens L.), and the bene cial effect on Italian ryegrass was higher when it was performed in the growing crop compared to prior to crop sowing (170% vs 78%). Further experiments in an established ley have shown that the VRC does not operate well under hard soil conditions (Ringselle et al 2023). The HRC has been shown to be able to reduce C. arvense shoot numbers, patch expansion and root carbohydrate content, though in these studies it was not as effective as moldboard plowing (Weigel and Gerowitt 2022; Weigel et al 2023).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Root cutters: Novel tillage methods to control creeping perennial weeds with a low risk of soil erosion and nutrient leaching

Ringselle,

Børresen,

Lundkvist

et al. 2024

Preprint

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Perennial weeds are a major obstacle for reducing pesticides and tillage. Three multi-year experiments were conducted in Norway and Sweden to determine if a) the horizonal and vertical root/rhizome cutters (HRC and VRC, respectively) can provide effective non-chemical control of multiple perennial weed species comparable to more intensive tillage methods (Experiments 1–2), b) without increasing the risk of soil erosion and nutrient leaching (Experiment 3), and c) if integrating the VRC with the HRC, mowing or disc harrow can increase the efficacy against perennial weeds (Experiment 1). All treatments were spring plowed in Experiment 1 and 3, and autumn plowed in Experiment 2. In Experiment 1, the rotary tiller was the most suppressive against Sonchus arvensis and Elymus repens but increased Stachys palustris shoot numbers. HRC treatments were not significantly worse than the rotary tiller and increased crop yield by 28%, reduced total perennial shoot biomass by 46–51% and reduced S. arvensis and E. repens shoot biomass by 52% and 80%, respectively, compared to an untreated control. In Experiment 2, HRC treatments reduced Cirsium arvense shoot numbers by 71% compared to the untreated control but failed to control E. repens. HRC treatment depth (7 vs. 15 cm) did not significantly affect control efficacy. Experiment 3 showed that HRC did not increase soil, water or nutrient losses compared to the untreated control and resulted in 60% less soil and 52% less phosphorous losses than disc harrowing. Treatments with VRC reduced the shoot biomass of E. repens by 40% and S. arvensis by 22%, compared to without VRC. Novelly, the results show that in plowed systems, HRC provides control of multiple perennial weed species that is comparable to more intensive tillage methods, but with little risk of soil and nutrient losses; and integrating VRC into control strategies improves perennial weed control efficacy.

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Vertical rhizome disking to reduce Elymus repens (quackgrass) abundance in grass-clover leys

Cited by 3 publications

References 31 publications

Rhizome fragment weight and density of competing shoots determine belowground regrowth of Elymus repens

Rhizome fragment weight and density of competing shoots determine belowground regrowth of Elymus repens

Current and future glyphosate use in European agriculture

Root cutters: Novel tillage methods to control creeping perennial weeds with a low risk of soil erosion and nutrient leaching

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