Vertical stratification of Diptera abundance and species richness in an Amazonian tropical forest

Abstract

Measuring species richness of tropical forests is a major challenge. Such measurement is a key information in many senses, from an evolutionary perspective to conservation of threatened, fragile habitats. Data has gradually shown that the canopy of tropical forest is a hugely complex component of the forest, but a precise assessment of the diversity of megadiverse groups in the canopy is still wanting. We collected large samples of insects were along a period of two weeks using 6-meter Gressitt-style Malaise traps set at five heights on a metal tower in a tropical forest north of Manaus—one trap at the ground level, one trap above the canopy (32 m) and three traps at intermediate levels (8, 16 and 24 m). The samples contained 37,778 specimens belonging to 18 order of insects. Fifty-seven families of flies (Diptera) were found, 39 of which were identified to 368 genera and 856 species. The species of these 39 families of flies fit into eight patterns of vertical distribution of abundance and species richness of the fauna, with patterns of one or two peaks of species at different levels. A total of 527 (61.6%) of the 856 fly species recognized in the samples were not collected at the ground level. The canopy-associated species of Diptera showed a high species richness and a relatively low abundance indicating that they represent vulnerable components of tropical diversity. The biology of the flies families and genera we collected in the canopy suggest that the evolution of flies went through a unique process: independent clades of Diptera explored in different ways the resources originated along the very evolution of the angiosperm forest canopy along the early Cenozoic. Unlike other primarily phytophagous groups of insects, flies radiated into a large array of biologies associated with the canopies: parasitoids, hematophagous, phytosaprophagous, kleptoparasites, sap feeders, gall-makers etc. The results only stress the need of additional strategies to protect this diversity.

The contribution of the BIOTA/FAPESP Program to the advancement of the knowledge on terrestrial invertebrates

“…Most of the surveys were accompanied by the collection of information on the corresponding abiotic factors (as well as of biotic factors, such as plant or animal hosts), thus allowing the ecological analysis of the collected invertebrates. This type of analysis was reported in around 160 publications on Insecta and 49 publications on Arachnida, as those of Rego et al (2009), Castro & Moraes (2010), Silva & Brandão (2010, Cancello et al (2014), Santos et al (2016), Justino et al (2016), Andrade et al (2017), Campbell et al (2019), Azevedo et al (2020a), Brown et al (2020), Santos et al (2020), Amorim et al (2022). Even among ecological studies, a small number of publications addressed issues related to ecosystem services, as done by Giannini et al (2012Giannini et al ( , 2013.…”

Sampling techniques and environmental variables influence the distribution of pseudoscorpions in urban forest fragments in the central Amazon

“…However, this is the first time that the effect of complementarity between sampling techniques has been recorded for pseudoscorpions in urban forest fragments. The vertical stratification of the invertebrate fauna is quite pronounced in some groups (Amorim et al 2022), so that techniques that sample at different heights should probably be useful in most cases.…”