Vertical stratification of figs and fig-eaters in a Bornean lowland rain forest: how is the canopy different?

Shanahan, Mike; Compton, Stephen G.

doi:10.1007/978-94-017-3606-0_10

Cited by 39 publications

(73 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…We expected that obligate frugivores feed on more fruit sources than opportunistic frugivores to meet their nutritional requirements (see Whelan et al 1998), and that they forage mostly where fruit availability is high (Shanahan andCompton 2001, Saracco et al 2004), such as in the forest canopy (Schaefer et al 2002). We recorded fruit removal from plants in different forest strata (canopy, midstory, and understory) and habitats (primary and secondary forest), and classified frugivore visitors into guilds according to their niche breadth in terms of diet and habitat specialization.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Specialization and interaction strength in a tropical plant–frugivore network differ among forest strata

Schleuning

Blüthgen

Flörchinger

et al. 2011

Ecology

168

200

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The degree of interdependence and potential for shared coevolutionary history of frugivorous animals and fleshy-fruited plants are contentious topics. Recently, network analyses revealed that mutualistic relationships between fleshy-fruited plants and frugivores are mostly built upon generalized associations. However, little is known about the determinants of network structure, especially from tropical forests where plants' dependence on animal seed dispersal is particularly high. Here, we present an in-depth analysis of specialization and interaction strength in a plant-frugivore network from a Kenyan rain forest. We recorded fruit removal from 33 plant species in different forest strata (canopy, midstory, understory) and habitats (primary and secondary forest) with a standardized sampling design (3447 interactions in 924 observation hours). We classified the 88 frugivore species into guilds according to dietary specialization (14 obligate, 28 partial, 46 opportunistic frugivores) and forest dependence (50 forest species, 38 visitors). Overall, complementary specialization was similar to that in other plant-frugivore networks. However, the plant-frugivore interactions in the canopy stratum were less specialized than in the mid- and understory, whereas primary and secondary forest did not differ. Plant specialization on frugivores decreased with plant height, and obligate and partial frugivores were less specialized than opportunistic frugivores. The overall impact of a frugivore increased with the number of visits and the specialization on specific plants. Moreover, interaction strength of frugivores differed among forest strata. Obligate frugivores foraged in the canopy where fruit resources were abundant, whereas partial and opportunistic frugivores were more common on mid- and understory plants, respectively. We conclude that the vertical stratification of the frugivore community into obligate and opportunistic feeding guilds structures this plant-frugivore network. The canopy stratum comprises stronger links and generalized associations, whereas the lower strata are composed of weaker links and more specialized interactions. Our results suggest that seed-dispersal relationships of plants in lower forest strata are more prone to disruption than those of canopy trees.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Specialization and interaction strength in a tropical plant–frugivore network differ among forest strata

Schleuning

Blüthgen

Flörchinger

et al. 2011

Ecology

168

200

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“…The trees create a light gradient from the well-lit canopy to the understory; thus, different tree species can coexist if they specialize to different strata of the forest (Terborgh 1985). In Borneo, even hemiepiphytic figs, which start as epiphytes and later drop roots to the forest floor, also specialize to different strata of the forest, even though their growth form is far rarer than trees (Shanahan & Compton 2001, Harrison et al 2003. Trees also create a mosaic of microsites of different types on the forest floor, each of which favors germination and establishment of a different set of tree species (Grubb 1977).…”

Section: Factors Maintaining Local (A) Diversity Among Treesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Why Do Some Tropical Forests Have So Many Species of Trees?1

Leigh

Davidar

Ali

et al. 2004

Biotrop

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Understanding why there are so many kinds of tropical trees requires learning, not only how tree species coexist, but what factors drive tree speciation and what governs a tree clade's diversification rate. Many report that hybrid sterility evolves very slowly between separated tree populations. If so, tree species rarely originate by splitting of large populations. Instead, they begin with few trees. The few studies available suggest that reproductive isolation between plant populations usually results from selection driven by lowered fitness of hybrids: speciation is usually a response to a "niche opportunity." Using Hubbell's neutral theory of forest dynamics as a null hypothesis, we show that if new tree species begin as small populations, species that are now common must have spread more quickly than chance allows. Therefore, most tree species have some setting in which they can increase when rare. Trees face trade-offs in suitability for different microhabitats, difiFerent-sized clearings, different soils and climates, and resistance to different pests. These trade-offs underlie the mechanisms maintaining a-diversity and species turnover. Disturbance and microhabitat specialization appear insufficient to maintain a-diversity of tropical trees, although they may maintain tree diversity north of Mexico or in northern Europe. Many studies show that where trees grow readily, tree diversity is higher and temperature and rainfall are less seasonal. The few data available suggest that pest pressure is higher, maintaining higher tree diversity, where winter is absent. Tree a-diversity is also higher in regions with more tree species, which tend to be larger, free for a longer time from major shifts of climate, or in the tropics, where there are more opportunities for local coexistence. RESUMENComprender por qué hay tantos tipos de árboles tropicales, se requiere aprender no sólo cómo las especies de árboles coexisten, sino también, cuáles factores conducen a su especiación, y qué determina la velocidad de diversificación de un ciado de árboles. Muchos reportan que la esterilidad híbrida evoluciona muy lentamente entre poblaciones separadas de árboles. De ser así, las especies de árboles raramente se originarían por la separación de grandes poblaciones; más bien empezarían con pocos árboles. Los pocos estudios disponibles sugieren que el aislamiento reproductivo entre las poblaciones vegetales usualmente resulta de selección derivada del bajo éxito de los híbridos: la especiación generalmente responde a una "oportunidad de nicho". Usando la teoría neutral de Hubbell de dinámica de bosques como hipótesis nula, nosotros mostramos que si las nuevas especies de árboles comienzan como poblaciones pequeñas, Leigh, Davidar, Dick, Puyravaud, Terborgli, ter Steege, and Wriglit especies que ahora son comunes deberían haberse expandido más rápido que lo que el azar permite. Por lo tanto, la mayoría de las especies de árboles tendrían alguna condición donde sus poblaciones podrían crecer cuando son raras. Los árboles e...

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“…Various species of hornbill generally occupy forest areas with dense trees. Common hornbill species can be seen in the top of tree canopy, while several others in the mid canopy of trees, and two endemic species in South Africa are ground-dwelling [8][9][10][11][12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of Ficus crassiramea (Miq.) Miq. for Hornbill Conservation in Borneo Fragmented Tropical Rainforest

Budiman¹,

Wijayanti²,

Lumaby³

2017

KLS

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Fig plants (Ficus spp.) are considered as a key candidate to wildlife conservation in tropical rainforest for its potency on their microhabitat and food supply throughout the years. In this research, we focused only on the Ficus crassiramea (Miq.) Miq. To shows its role for hornbill conservation, we observed the different species of hornbill which visiting the trees and also we observed time, duration, frequency and activity of visits of the hornbill. For the purpose, four trees of F. crassiramea had been observed continuously for 6 d from 06.00 am to 05.00 pm in two fragmented tropical rainforest located in Penajam Paser Utara Regency, Borneo, Indonesia. The result showed, there were three species of hornbill which are visiting the plants in fruiting phase, namely Anthrococeros malayanus (Raffles, 1822), Anthrococeros albirostris (Shaw & Nodder, 1807), and Buceros rhinoceros (Linnaeus 1758) while fig tree in non-fruiting phase is only visiting by A. malayanus and A. albirostris. There is difference between A. malayanus, A. albirostris and B. rhinoceros in time, duration and frequency of visits on F. crassiramea. The most dominant activity of the third hornbill on F. crassiramea in fruiting phase are foraging rather than perched like on non-fruting phase tree. The result convinced the important of F. crassiramea as food source for hornbill conservation.

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Vertical stratification of figs and fig-eaters in a Bornean lowland rain forest: how is the canopy different?

Cited by 39 publications

References 48 publications

Specialization and interaction strength in a tropical plant–frugivore network differ among forest strata

Specialization and interaction strength in a tropical plant–frugivore network differ among forest strata

Why Do Some Tropical Forests Have So Many Species of Trees?1

The Role of Ficus crassiramea (Miq.) Miq. for Hornbill Conservation in Borneo Fragmented Tropical Rainforest

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