Very Large Array Radio Study of a Sample of Nearby X-Ray and Optically Bright Early-type Galaxies

Grossová, Romana; Werner, Norbert; Massaro, F.; Lakhchaura, Kiran; Tomáš, Plšek,; Gabányi, K. É.; Rajpurohit, K.; Canning, Rebecca; Nulsen, P. E. J.; O’Sullivan, Ewan; Allen, S. W.; Fabian, A. C.

doi:10.3847/1538-4365/ac366c

Cited by 25 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 266 publications

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“…The analysis of the Low-Frequency ARray (LOFAR) DR1 images of galaxies included in the main galaxy spectroscopic sample of the Sloan Digital Survey (SDSS) led Sabater et al (2019) to the conclusion that all galaxies with a mass M > 10 11 M display radio-AGN activity with a power >10 21 W Hz −1 , that is, they are always switched on. A similar result was found by Grossová et al (2022) from their study of 42 nearby and X-raybright, early-type galaxies, all of them being detected at radio frequencies.…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 86%

“…Several studies, already cited in the introduction, indicate that massive ETGs are all associated with a radio source (Brown et al 2011;Sabater et al 2019;Grossová et al 2022), suggesting that their active nuclei are always switched on. Our results confirm this observational evidence because the 25 galaxies in the present sample more luminous than M K = −25.8 are all detected in the LOFAR images.…”

Section: Comparison With Previous Studiesmentioning

confidence: 98%

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The LOFAR view of giant, early-type galaxies: Radio emission from active nuclei and star formation

Capetti

Brienza

Balmaverde

et al. 2022

A&A

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We studied the properties and the origin of the radio emission in the most luminous, early-type galaxies (ETGs) in the nearby Universe (MK ≤ −25, recession velocity ≤7500 km s−1), as seen by the 150 MHz Low-Frequency ARray (LOFAR) observations. LOFAR images are available for 188 of these giant ETGs (gETGs), and 146 (78%) of them are detected above a typical luminosity of ∼1021 W Hz−1. They show a large spread in power, reaching up to ∼1026 W Hz−1. We confirm a positive link between the stellar luminosity of gETGs and their median radio power, the detection rate, and the fraction of extended sources. About two-thirds (91) of the detected gETGs are unresolved, with sizes ≲4 kpc, confirming the prevalence of compact radio sources in local sources. Forty-six gETGs show extended emission on scales ranging from 4 to 340 kpc, at least 80% of which have a FR I class morphology. Based on the morphology and spectral index of the extended sources, ∼30% of them might be remnant or restarted sources, but further studies are needed to confirm this. Optical spectroscopy (available for 44 gETGs) indicates that for seven gETGs the nuclear gas is ionized by young stars suggesting a contribution to their radio emission from star forming regions. Their radio luminosities correspond to a star formation rate (SFR) in the range 0.1−8 M⊙ yr−1 and a median specific SFR of 0.8 × 10−12 yr−1. The gas flowing toward the center of gETGs can accrete onto the supermassive black hole but also stall at larger radii and form new stars, an indication that feedback does not completely quench star formation. The most luminous gETGs (25 galaxies with MK < −25.8) are all detected at 150 MHz; however, they are not all currently turned on: at least four of them are remnant sources and at least one is likely powered by star formation.

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 86%

Section: Comparison With Previous Studiesmentioning

confidence: 98%

The LOFAR view of giant, early-type galaxies: Radio emission from active nuclei and star formation

Capetti

Brienza

Balmaverde

et al. 2022

A&A

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“…A significant difference with respect to the study in Grossová et al (2022) is related to the radio morphology; these authors found that 67% of their galaxies are associated with extended radio sources, a higher fraction than obtained in our sample (24%). This discrepancy is reduced by considering the different criterion adopted for the definition of extended sources: in our analysis, we considered extended sources to be those in which the 3σ radio contour extends to a radius of at least 15 , ∼ 6 kpc at the median distance of the sample; Grossová et al, thanks to the higher spatial resolution of their radio images, considered all sources with a size exceeding twice the beam size as extended, which is typically ∼ 2 .…”

Section: Comparison With Previous Studiescontrasting

confidence: 98%

The LOFAR view of giant, early-type galaxies: radio emission from active nuclei and star formation

Capetti,

Brienza,

Balmaverde

et al. 2022

Preprint

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We studied the properties and the origin of the radio emission in the most luminous, early-type galaxies (ETGs) in the nearby Universe (M K ≤ −25, recession velocity ≤ 7, 500 km s −1 ), as seen by the 150 MHz Low-Frequency ARray (LOFAR) observations. LOFAR images are available for 188 of these giant ETGs (gETGs), and 146 (78 %) of them are detected above a typical luminosity of ∼ 10 21 W Hz −1 . They show a large spread in power, reaching up to ∼ 10 26 W Hz −1 . We confirm a positive link between the stellar luminosity of gETGs and their median radio power, the detection rate, and the fraction of extended sources. About two-thirds (91) of the detected gETGs are unresolved, with sizes 4 kpc, confirming the prevalence of compact radio sources in local sources. Forty-six gETGs show extended emission on scales ranging from 4 to 340 kpc, at least 80% of which have a FR I class morphology. Based on the morphology and spectral index of the extended sources, ∼30% of them might be remnant or restarted sources, but further studies are needed to confirm this. Optical spectroscopy (available for 44 gETGs) indicates that for seven gETGs the nuclear gas is ionized by young stars suggesting a contribution to their radio emission from star forming regions. Their radio luminosities correspond to a star formation rate (SFR) in the range 0.1 -8 M yr −1 and a median specific SFR of 0.8 × 10 −12 yr −1 . The gas flowing toward the center of gETGs can accrete onto the supermassive black hole but also stall at larger radii and form new stars, an indication that feedback does not completely quench star formation. The most luminous gETGs (25 galaxies with M K < −25.8) are all detected at 150 MHz; however, they are not all currently turned on: at least four of them are remnant sources and at least one is likely powered by star formation.

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“…Nevertheless, the vast majority of low-redshift active galactic nuclei (AGNs) in early-type galaxies operate in the radio-mechanical (kinetic) mode, which is observed in the form of radio lobes and X-ray cavities (e.g. Fabian 2012;Shin et al 2016;Grossová et al 2022).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The relation between accretion rate and jet power in early-type galaxies with thermally unstable hot atmospheres

Tomáš¹,

Werner²,

Grossová³

et al. 2022

Preprint

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We use Chandra X-ray data and Very Large Array radio observations for a sample of 20 nearby, massive, X-ray bright, early-type galaxies to investigate the relation between the Bondi accretion rates and the mechanical jet powers. We find a strong correlation (𝜌 = 0.96; BF 10 > 100) between the Bondi accretion power, 𝑃 Bondi , and mechanical jet power, 𝑃 jet , for a subsample of 14 galaxies, which also host cool H𝛼+[N ] line emitting gas and thus likely have thermally unstable atmospheres. The results indicate that in all galaxies with thermally unstable atmospheres the cooling atmospheric gas feeds the central black holes at a similar jet-to-Bondi power ratio. For five out of six galaxies with no signs of H𝛼+[N ] emission, however, the behaviour is different and the jet-to-Bondi power ratio is lower by 1-2 orders of magnitude. We also investigate the dependence of jet power on individual quantities in the Bondi formula such as the supermassive black hole mass (𝑀 • ) and the specific entropy of the gas (𝐾) at the Bondi radius. For the subsample of H𝛼+[N ] emitting galaxies, we find a very tight correlation of 𝑃 jet with 𝑀 • (𝜌 = 0.92; BF 10 > 100) and, although poorly constrained, a hint of an anti-correlation for 𝑃 jet and 𝐾 (𝜌 = −0.46; BF 10 = 1.2).

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Very Large Array Radio Study of a Sample of Nearby X-Ray and Optically Bright Early-type Galaxies

Cited by 25 publications

References 266 publications

The LOFAR view of giant, early-type galaxies: Radio emission from active nuclei and star formation

The LOFAR view of giant, early-type galaxies: Radio emission from active nuclei and star formation

The LOFAR view of giant, early-type galaxies: radio emission from active nuclei and star formation

The relation between accretion rate and jet power in early-type galaxies with thermally unstable hot atmospheres

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