Very low friction for natural diamond in water of different pH values

Grillo, Stefano; Field, J. E.

doi:10.1007/s100510050049

Cited by 12 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Grillo and Field [176,177] measured the friction coefficient of a 25 µm diamond stylus sliding over CVD diamond at various loads and speed in the presence of water at different pH values (figures 18 and 19). The CVD diamond was hot filament CVD diamond with predominantly {1 0 0} grains on a silicon nitride substrate.…”

Section: Cvd Diamondmentioning

confidence: 99%

The mechanical and strength properties of diamond

Field

2012

Rep. Prog. Phys.

174

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Diamond is an exciting material with many outstanding properties; see, for example Field J E (ed) 1979 The Properties of Diamond (London: Academic) and Field J E (ed) 1992 The Properties of Natural and Synthetic Diamond (London: Academic). It is pre-eminent as a gemstone, an industrial tool and as a material for solid state research. Since natural diamonds grew deep below the Earth's surface before their ejection to mineable levels, they also contain valuable information for geologists. The key to many of diamond's properties is the rigidity of its structure which explains, for example, its exceptional hardness and its high thermal conductivity. Since 1953, it has been possible to grow synthetic diamond. Before then, it was effectively only possible to have natural diamond, with a small number of these found in the vicinity of meteorite impacts. Techniques are now available to grow gem quality synthetic diamonds greater than 1 carat (0.2 g) using high temperatures and pressures (HTHP) similar to those found in nature. However, the costs are high, and the largest commercially available industrial diamonds are about 0.01 carat in weight or about 1 mm in linear dimension. The bulk of synthetic diamonds used industrially are 600 µm or less. Over 75% of diamond used for industrial purposes today is synthetic material. In recent years, there have been two significant developments. The first is the production of composites based on diamond; these materials have a significantly greater toughness than diamond while still maintaining very high hardness and reasonable thermal conductivity. The second is the production at low pressures by metastable growth using chemical vapour deposition techniques. Deposition onto non-diamond substrates was first demonstrated by Spitsyn et al 1981 J. Cryst. Growth 52 219-26 and confirmed by Matsumoto et al 1982 Japan J. Appl. Phys. 21 L183-5. These developments have added further to the versatility of diamond. Two other groups of materials based on carbon, namely the fullerenes and graphines have been identified in recent years and are now the subject of intense research.

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Section: Cvd Diamondmentioning

confidence: 99%

The mechanical and strength properties of diamond

Field

2012

Rep. Prog. Phys.

174

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“…The water molecule is a small, almost spherical particle, and the viscosity of water is very low. However, carefully controlled experiments using the surface force apparatus show that water is an excellent boundary lubricant at a microscopic scale [7][8][9]. In fact, the friction coefficient be-tween two water lubricated, atomically flat mica surfaces was found [6,7] to be around 0.01, in the range of the lowest values obtained with other fluids in the boundary regime.…”

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confidence: 99%

Boundary Lubrication Properties of Materials with Expansive Freezing

Jagla

2002

Phys. Rev. Lett.

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We have performed molecular dynamics simulations of solid-solid contacts lubricated by a model fluid displaying many of the properties of water, particularly its expansive freezing. Near the region where expansive freezing occurs, the lubricating film remains fluid, and the friction force decreases linearly as the shear velocity is reduced. No sign of stick-slip motion is observed, even at the lowest velocities. We give a simple interpretation of these results, and suggest that, in general, good boundary lubrication properties will be found in the family of materials with expansive freezing.

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“…9. This is because the <100> crystal orientation is (11) a 'soft' direction for both the cubic face and dodecahedral face, which contributed to the formation of debris; however, the <110> crystal orientation is a 'hard' direction for both the cubic and dodecahedral faces, which experienced a great resistance to form debris. Consequently, the decrease in the cumulated atoms in the <110> orientation was smaller than that produced in the <100> orientation as the probe radius increased.…”

Section: Discussion On the MD Simulation Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, it should be emphasized that the friction coefficient of diamond in ambient air is much less than that in vacuum [9], and the friction coefficient is probably further reduced in an argon atmosphere [10]. Water is a good lubricant for diamond, and the lubrication performance can be directly evaluated in terms of the pH value of water [11]. Recently, Kuwahara et al discussed the lubrication mechanism of water on a diamond octahedral face.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Load- and Size Effects of the Diamond Friction Coefficient at the Nanoscale

2020

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The friction coefficient, an important parameter to evaluate the dynamic properties of friction pairs, has been widely used in macro engineering fields. However, it is probably inappropriate to characterize the tribological properties at the nanoscale due to the strong size effect, and the conventional formula cannot reveal its determinants owing to its oversimple form. Therefore, in the present work, a new formula is deduced to overcome these shortcomings. The established formula for the friction coefficient considers the adhesion and discloses the relationship between the friction coefficient and the material properties of diamond. It effectively suppresses the dependency of the friction coefficient on the load, although such a dependency cannot be eliminated completely. Therefore, another new formula, independent of the loading force, is derived. Interestingly, the results indicate that the size effect is invariably observed in the friction coefficients derived from the three formulas due to different accumulation effects of debris atoms, which is verified by molecular dynamics simulations.

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Very low friction for natural diamond in water of different pH values

Abstract: PACS. 81.40.Pq Friction, lubrication and wear - 46.55.+d Tribology and mechanical contacts - 81.05.Tp Fullerenes and related materials; diamonds graphite,

Cited by 12 publications

References 16 publications

The mechanical and strength properties of diamond

The mechanical and strength properties of diamond

Boundary Lubrication Properties of Materials with Expansive Freezing

Load- and Size Effects of the Diamond Friction Coefficient at the Nanoscale

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