Very-Short-Term Variations of Sea Surface and Atmospheric Parameters Before the Ms 6.2 Zhangbei (China) Earthquake in 1998

Abstract

The Ms 6.2 Zhangbei earthquake occurred at 3:53 (UTC) on 10 January 1998, with its epicenter located at about 150 km northwest of Beijing, China. Over the past 2 decades, many studies have reported that there was a positive thermal infrared (TIR) anomaly appearing along the direction from the Bohai Sea to Zhangbei within 2–3 days preceding the earthquake, which was considered to be caused by the activity of the great Zhangbei-Bohai fault (ZBF) extending across the Bohai Sea to the southeast, while neither the TIR anomaly is convinced nor the mechanism is clear. A collaborative analysis of the atmospheric disturbances several days before, during, and after the earthquake was conducted by using satellite observations and reanalysis datasets with multiple parameters, including sea surface roughness, evaporation rate, atmospheric CO concentration, atmospheric sea salt concentration, and cloud base height above the sea surface, as well as satellite infrared cloud images. Through individual analysis of the change of each parameter and synergic analysis of multiple parameters, particular atmospheric disturbances, including the formation of strip-shaped clouds on January 7 and 9, were revealed over the ZBF and another great fault named Tancheng-Lujiang fault (TLF), which extends across the Bohai Sea to the northeast. After careful investigation and attribution analysis of the spatio-temporal evolutions of the atmospheric disturbances every hour above and around the Bohai Sea from January 7 to 12, we came to the conclusion that the particular strip-shaped clouds were low-level clouds caused by the seismic activity and submarine gas release from TLF but not ZBF and was forced by particular wind field and lowering boundary layer. As an aftereffect of the gas release from TLF and the formation of the localized low-level clouds of higher brightness temperature than that of the land surface, a positive TIR anomaly, thus, appeared above TLF and by chance along ZBF, preceding the Zhangbei earthquake.

Analysis of Ocean–Lithosphere–Atmosphere–Ionosphere Coupling Related to Two Strong Earthquakes Occurring in June–September 2022 on the Sea Coast of Philippines and Papua New Guinea

“…Comparative analysis reveals a discernible synchronicity between anomalies in sea surface temperature and land surface temperature [35]. Spatial-temporal analysis involving multiple parameters indicates a correlation between sea surface salinity concentration and atmospheric disturbances [36]. Evidence has also been provided by recent research regarding the potential link between seismicity-induced upwelling and surface atmospheric temperature [33].…”