Vesico–ureteral reflux: diagnosis and staging with voiding color doppler US

Comparison of echo-enhanced ultrasound with fluoroscopic MCU for the detection of vesicoureteral reflux in neonates

“…Why has our study shown a lower sensitivity than other studies (79-100%) [7,13,14,15] for the detection of VUR using echo-enhanced sonography (Table 3)? At our institution, a relatively low cut-off rate for fetal renal dilatation is used (4 mm or more at 18-20 weeks, and 5 mm in the third trimester), which may help to account for the relatively low rate of VUR.…”

“…If the technique described by other authors had been used and if we had used more contrast, we may possibly have detected more cases of reflux with sonography. The mean time for the voiding sonogram in the study of Farina et al [15] (excluding catheterization) was 15 min, with 33 min for the entire examination, compared to 6.35 min (mean) postcatheterization in our study. As we and other authors have noted, the concordance between the two techniques was improved when higher grades of reflux were present, and lower grades of reflux were more frequently missed with echo-enhanced sonography [1,7,11] although colour Doppler can improve detection of low-grade VUR [16].…”

“…It has been estimated that 10-15% of cases of antenatal hydronephrosis are caused by primary VUR, with a higher incidence of VUR (20-50%) in children with a proven urinary tract infection [4,11,12,13]. In other studies evaluating echo-contrast sonography, much higher detection rates of VUR, up to 90%, have been obtained, suggesting that a highly selected population was being examined [14,15] ( Table 3). Children with a prior diagnosis of VUR were deliberately excluded in our series.…”

“…In some of the studies the echo-contrast techniques used would be too complicated for use in the average department on a day-to-day basis [13,14]. In others, children were over 6 months of age with a very high prevalence of VUR (77-86%) [14,15] (Table 3).…”

Long‐term bladder function in patients with locally advanced cervical carcinoma treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy and type 3–4 radical hysterectomy

“…Kidney ultrasonography was used to evaluate the eventual dilatation according to the Mollard classification system. 19 All surgical procedures were performed by the same surgeon (P.B.-P.). The Foley catheter was removed on the fourth postoperative day, and on removal of the catheter, patients were instructed to void at least every 2-3 hours and, when necessary (postvoid residual urine volume Ͼ 100 mL), to perform clean intermittent self-catheterization.…”