Vesicoureteric reflux in children

Tullus, Kjell

doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(14)60383-4

Cited by 65 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 85 publications

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“…WMR uses levels of access to care for fevers to correct for incomplete reporting, but the national-level estimates of burden, do not allow for the effective coverage of treatment for either uncomplicated or severe disease. For high burden countries, the Child Health Epidemiology Reference Group’s verbal autopsy data-based multicause models [28, 29] (used to estimate in this work), considers coverage of LLINs, but not of treatment. Adult mortality is inferred from child-mortality rates and endemicity, using the relationship estimated in Ross et al [14].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Incidence and admission rates for severe malaria and their impact on mortality in Africa

Camponovo

Bever

Galactionova

et al. 2017

Malar J

235

256

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BackgroundAppropriate treatment of life-threatening Plasmodium falciparum malaria requires in-patient care. Although the proportion of severe cases accessing in-patient care in endemic settings strongly affects overall case fatality rates and thus disease burden, this proportion is generally unknown. At present, estimates of malaria mortality are driven by prevalence or overall clinical incidence data, ignoring differences in case fatality resulting from variations in access. Consequently, the overall impact of preventive interventions on disease burden have not been validly compared with those of improvements in access to case management or its quality.MethodsUsing a simulation-based approach, severe malaria admission rates and the subsequent severe malaria disease and mortality rates for 41 malaria endemic countries of sub-Saharan Africa were estimated. Country differences in transmission and health care settings were captured by use of high spatial resolution data on demographics and falciparum malaria prevalence, as well as national level estimates of effective coverage of treatment for uncomplicated malaria. Reported and modelled estimates of cases, admissions and malaria deaths from the World Malaria Report, along with predicted burden from simulations, were combined to provide revised estimates of access to in-patient care and case fatality rates.ResultsThere is substantial variation between countries’ in-patient admission rates and estimated levels of case fatality rates. It was found that for many African countries, most patients admitted for in-patient treatment would not meet strict criteria for severe disease and that for some countries only a small proportion of the total severe cases are admitted. Estimates are highly sensitive to the assumed community case fatality rates. Re-estimation of national level malaria mortality rates suggests that there is substantial burden attributable to inefficient in-patient access and treatment of severe disease.ConclusionsThe model-based methods proposed here offer a standardized approach to estimate the numbers of severe malaria cases and deaths based on national level reporting, allowing for coverage of both curative and preventive interventions. This makes possible direct comparisons of the potential benefits of scaling-up either category of interventions. The profound uncertainties around these estimates highlight the need for better data.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12936-016-1650-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Incidence and admission rates for severe malaria and their impact on mortality in Africa

Camponovo

Bever

Galactionova

et al. 2017

Malar J

235

256

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“…Furthermore, it is associated with urinary tract abnormalities. For this reason, patients will be routinely screened (8) for the existence of vesicoureteral reflux (9), urinary tract obstruction, congenital abnormalities of kidney and urinary tract, or voiding dysfunction (10,11). Furthermore, STEC-producing E. coli are rarely consider in hospitalized patients with UTI (12).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Frequency of Shiga Toxin Producing Escherichia coli in Patients with Urinary Tract Infection in Iran: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Hooman

Ahmadi

Nakhaie

et al. 2018

Arch Pediatr Infect Dis

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Background and Objectives: Escherichia coli is the main cause of urinary tract infection regardless of age. If it harbors shiga toxin, hemolytic uremic syndrome may occur. The aim of this study was to determine the incidence and prevalence of Shiga Toxin producing E. coli (STEC), as a cause of urinary tract infection in Iran. Methods: Major medical search engines, Iranian scientific search engines, and Iranian databases for thesis were searched for relevant English or Persian keywords for urinary tract infection, shiga-toxin Escherichia coli, and hemolytic uremic syndrome in Iran, which were published between 1985 and 2017. The study was followed by the PRISMA statement. Point prevalence and proportion were calculated by random effect and I2 for heterogeneity and expressed as 95% confidence intervals. MedCalc version 15 and SPSS IBM were used for statistical analysis. Results: A total of six articles with 1,111 positive E. coli urine cultures met all the inclusion criteria and were eligible for the final analysis. All studies had a cross-sectional design. The qualities of two studies were poor with low to moderate risk of bias. Considering 32 samples reported as positive for STEC, the pooled prevalence for E. coli associated UTI was 3.46% (95% CI, 0.89 to 7.65, I 2 = 86%). The

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“…It is an important risk factor for renal scarring in children who present with urinary tract infection (UTI). There is a high prevalence of reflux in children with UTI less than 5 years of age with an estimated incidence of 25%–40% [1]. Among infants less than 1 year of age presenting with UTI, incidence of reflux is as high as 70%.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vesicoureteral reflux and continuous prophylactic antibiotics

Lee

Park

2017

Investig Clin Urol

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Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) management must be tailored based on the risk for further infections and renal scarring, gender, likelihood of spontaneous resolution, and parental preferences. Because we now understand that sterile VUR is benign and most reflux spontaneously resolves over time, the initial approach in majority of children is non-surgical with continuous antibiotic prophylaxis (CAP) and correction of bladder and bowel dysfunction. Despite increasing utilization of CAP over the past four decades, the efficacy of antibiotic prophylaxis has been questioned due to conflicting results of studies plagued with design flaws and inadequate subject sample size. The Randomized Intervention for Children with Vesicoureteral Reflux (RIVUR) trial, which was designed to address many of the limitations from previous studies, provided much needed answers. In this review, we sought to describe the controversy surrounding VUR management, highlight the results of RIVUR trial, and discuss how the RIVUR findings impact our understanding of CAP in the management of VUR.

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Vesicoureteric reflux in children

Cited by 65 publications

References 85 publications

Incidence and admission rates for severe malaria and their impact on mortality in Africa

Incidence and admission rates for severe malaria and their impact on mortality in Africa

The Frequency of Shiga Toxin Producing Escherichia coli in Patients with Urinary Tract Infection in Iran: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Vesicoureteral reflux and continuous prophylactic antibiotics

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