Vesicular‐arbuscular Mycorrhizae From the Triassic of Antarctica

Stubblefield, Sara P.; Taylor, Thomas N.; Trappe, James M.

doi:10.1002/j.1537-2197.1987.tb08794.x

Cited by 29 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Plants were grown in 2 l pots in a medium designed to have good water holding and pH-buffering capacity, and a high mineral content, and consisting of limefree silica sand (Pioneer Supamix Ltd, Nuneaton, UK), ®ne vermiculite (LBS Horticulture) and peat (Midland Irish Peat Moss Ltd, Rathlowen, Co. Westmeath, Ireland) in the ratio 13 : 5 : 2. As gymnosperms are naturally associated with vesicular±arbuscular (VA) mycorrhizas (Khan and Valder, 1972), even in Antarctic Triassic fossils (Stubble®eld et al, 1987); and contemporary Nothofagus is commonly ectomycorrhizal (Warcup, 1980), mycorrhizal symbioses were established in the experiment by inoculating roots with spores of generalist fungal species during potting (MycorTree Root Dip; Plant Health Care, Berkhamsted, Herts., UK).…”

Section: Plant Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physiological Ecology of Mesozoic Polar Forests in a High CO2 Environment

Beerling

Osborne²

2002

Annals of Botany

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Fossils show that coniferous forests extended into polar regions during the Mesozoic, a time when models and independent paleo-CO2 indicators suggest that the atmospheric CO2 concentration was at least double that of the present day. Consequently, such polar forests would have experienced high CO2 interacting with an extreme variation in light. Here we describe an experiment investigating this plant-environment interaction for extant tree species that were important components of polar forests, and give results from the first year of treatment. Specifically, we tested the hypotheses that growth in elevated CO2 (1) stimulates photosynthesis; (2) reduces photoinhibition during the polar summer; and (3) reduces respiration of above- and below-ground plant organs. Our results indicate that CO2 fertilization generally does not affect photosynthesis under continuous daylight characteristic of the polar summer but does increase it when the period of illumination is shorter. Growth in elevated CO2 did not alter the potential for photoinhibition. CO2 enrichment significantly reduced leaf and root respiration rates by 50 and 25 %, respectively, in a range of evergreen taxa. Incorporating these observed CO2 effects into numerical simulations using a process-based model of coniferous forest growth indicates that a high paleo-CO2 concentration would have increased the productivity of Cretaceous conifer forests in northern Alaska. This results from decreased respiratory costs that more than compensate for the absence of high CO2-high temperature interactions during the polar summer. The longer-term effects of CO2 enrichment on seasonal changes in the above- and below-ground carbon balance of trees are discussed.

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Section: Plant Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physiological Ecology of Mesozoic Polar Forests in a High CO2 Environment

Beerling

Osborne²

2002

Annals of Botany

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“…Taylor et al (1995) described a fossil species based on the morphology of structures resembling spores and mycelium from the early Devonian. Stubblefield et al (1987) observed hyphae, vesicles, and spores in well-preserved roots from the Triassic resembling extant mycorrhizal structures. Later molecular data from Simon et al (1993) corroborated these findings, setting the origin of AMF at a time between the Ordovician and the Devonian.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 93%

A history of the taxonomy and systematics of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi belonging to the phylum Glomeromycota

Stürmer

2012

Mycorrhiza

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Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are grouped in a monophyletic group, the phylum Glomeromycota. In this review, the history and complexity of the taxonomy and systematics of these obligate biotrophs is addressed by recognizing four periods. The initial discovery period (1845-1974) is characterized by description mainly of sporocarp-forming species and the proposal of a classification for these fungi. The following alpha taxonomy period (1975-1989) established a solid morphological basis for species identification and classification, resulting in a profuse description of new species and a need to standardize the nomenclature of spore subcellular structures. The cladistics period from 1990 to 2000 saw the first cladistic classification of AMF based on phenotypic characters only. At the end of this period, genetic characters played a role in defining taxa and elucidating evolutionary relationships within the group. The most recent phylogenetic synthesis period (2001 to present) started with the proposal of a new classification based on genetic characters using sequences of the multicopy rRNA genes.

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“…The plant is known from stems ( Fig. 9A; Smoot et al, 1985), cataphylls (scale-like leaves; Hermsen et al, 2006), and roots with mycorrhizal fungi (Millay et al, 1987;Stubblefield et al, 1987;Phipps and Taylor, 1996) assigned to the genus Antarcticycas, probable pollen cones of Delemaya spinulosa ( Fig. 9B; Klavins et al, 2003Klavins et al, , 2005Schwendemann et al, 2009), and detached leaves assigned to Yelchophyllum omegapetiolaris ( Fig.…”

Section: Cycadalesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Triassic Floras of Antarctica: Plant Diversity and Distribution in High Paleolatitude Communities

Escapa¹,

Taylor²,

Cúneo³

et al. 2011

PALAIOS

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Continental Triassic sequences in Antarctica are among the most continuous and best represented in Gondwana. Triassic fossil plants have been collected sporadically from Antarctica since the beginning of the twentieth century, but our knowledge of the vegetation during this time has dramatically increased during the last three decades. Here we review the fossil record of Triassic plants as representatives of natural groups from sites along the Transantarctic Mountains, using the fossils as evidence for successive vegetational changes through the Triassic, taking into account that these plant communities were living under particular high-latitude (706 or higher) paleoclimatological conditions, including a polar light regime. Even though our knowledge of the Triassic floras of Antarctica is still incomplete, this survey shows that these floras were remarkably diverse. Lycopsids, equisetaleans, ferns, seed ferns, ginkgoaleans, and conifers were major components of the landscape in Antarctica during this time. The diversity of gymnosperms is exceptional, with almost every major clade of seed plants present, despite the high paleolatitude; however, each clade is often represented by only one or a few genera. The occurrence of permineralized peat, along with compression-impression floras, has increased our knowledge of the morphology, reproductive biology, and evolution of many of the plants in these floras. In general, floral changes in Antarctica during the Triassic can be recognized elsewhere in Gondwana, especially in South America, although a strict correlation based on macrofossils is still not possible. Thus, this contribution represents the first attempt to bring together information on Triassic floras from continental Antarctica (excluding the Antarctic Peninsula) within a biostratigraphic framework and thereby to compare these floras with those from lower latitudes.

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Vesicular‐arbuscular Mycorrhizae From the Triassic of Antarctica

Cited by 29 publications

References 19 publications

Physiological Ecology of Mesozoic Polar Forests in a High CO2 Environment

Physiological Ecology of Mesozoic Polar Forests in a High CO2 Environment

A history of the taxonomy and systematics of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi belonging to the phylum Glomeromycota

Triassic Floras of Antarctica: Plant Diversity and Distribution in High Paleolatitude Communities

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