Vesivirus viremia and seroprevalence in humans

Smith, Alvin W.; Iversen, Patrick L.; Skilling, Douglas E.; Stein, David A.; Bok, Karin; Matson, David O.

doi:10.1002/jmv.20594

Cited by 37 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…It was recently shown that in some cases there was no sharp demarcation of the host species for some calicivirus infections; some caliciviruses may have zoonotic potential, and animals such as domestic pigs may act as a reservoir for noroviruses or vesiviruses (2,22,24). By phylogenetic analysis, a higher degree of genetic diversity was seen among porcine sapoviruses than among the known human sapoviruses, indicating that the coevolution of sapoviruses in swine was longer.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Incidence, Diversity, and Molecular Epidemiology of Sapoviruses in Swine across Europe

et al. 2010

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Porcine sapovirus is an enteric calicivirus in domestic pigs that belongs to the family Caliciviridae. Some porcine sapoviruses are genetically related to human caliciviruses, which has raised public health concerns over animal reservoirs and the potential cross-species transmission of sapoviruses. We report on the incidence, genetic diversity, and molecular epidemiology of sapoviruses detected in domestic pigs in a comprehensive study conducted in six European countries (Denmark, Finland, Hungary, Italy, Slovenia, and Spain) between 2004 and 2007. A total of 1,050 swine fecal samples from 88 pig farms were collected and tested by reverse transcription-PCR for sapoviruses, and positive findings were confirmed by sequencing. Sapoviruses were detected in 80 (7.6%) samples collected on 39 (44.3%) farms and in every country. The highest prevalence was seen among piglets aged 2 to 8 weeks, and there was no significant difference in the proportion of sapoviruspositive findings for healthy animals and animals with diarrhea in Spain and Denmark (the only countries where both healthy animals and animals with diarrhea were tested). On the basis of the sequence of the RNA polymerase region, highly heterogeneous populations of viruses representing six different genogroups (genogroups III, VI, VII, and VIII, including potential new genogroups IX and X) were identified, with a predominance of genogroup GIII (50.6%). Genogroup VIII, found in five of the six countries, had the highest degree of homology (up to 66% at the amino acid level) to human sapovirus strains. Sapoviruses are commonly circulating and endemic agents in swine herds throughout Europe. Highly heterogeneous and potential new genogroups of sapoviruses were found in pigs; however, no "human-like" sapoviruses were detected.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Incidence, Diversity, and Molecular Epidemiology of Sapoviruses in Swine across Europe

et al. 2010

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“…The epidemics of VESV in North America from the 1930s to 1950s were shown by classical virological investigations to be serotypes of marine origin (56,57,65). SMSV was also found in vesicular lesions in humans, and antibodies were detected in blood donors (54,55).…”

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confidence: 97%

The Fecal Viral Flora of California Sea Lions

Shan

Wang³

et al. 2011

J Virol

182

149

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California sea lions are one of the major marine mammal species along the Pacific coast of North America. Sea lions are susceptible to a wide variety of viruses, some of which can be transmitted to or from terrestrial mammals. Using an unbiased viral metagenomic approach, we surveyed the fecal virome in California sea lions of different ages and health statuses. Averages of 1.6 and 2.5 distinct mammalian viral species were shed by pups and juvenile sea lions, respectively. Previously undescribed mammalian viruses from four RNA virus families (Astroviridae, Picornaviridae, Caliciviridae, and Reoviridae) and one DNA virus family (Parvoviridae) were characterized. The first complete or partial genomes of sapeloviruses, sapoviruses, noroviruses, and bocavirus in marine mammals are reported. Astroviruses and bocaviruses showed the highest prevalence and abundance in California sea lion feces. The diversity of bacteriophages was higher in unweaned sea lion pups than in juveniles and animals in rehabilitation, where the phage community consisted largely of phages related to the family Microviridae. This study increases our understanding of the viral diversity in marine mammals, highlights the high rate of enteric viral infections in these highly social carnivores, and may be used as a baseline viral survey for comparison with samples from California sea lions during unexplained disease outbreaks.California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) have a population of approximately 240,000 and along with seals and walruses are members of the subgroup Pinnipedia in the suborder Caniformia in the order Carnivora. They inhabit mainland shorelines and coastal islands along the west coast of North America and migrate along the coast during the nonbreeding season. California sea lions are strict carnivores, eating a variety of marine prey, including more than 50 species of fishes and cephalopods. Sea lion pups start eating fish at about 5 months of age, in addition to their mother's milk; are weaned at 10 to 12 months old; and can live up to 15 to 25 years. California sea lions are gregarious animals, forming large rookeries at breeding sites, and aggregate at high densities on haul-out sites (7).California sea lions share beaches and coastal waters with humans, often resting on human-made structures such as docks and boats, and are affected by pathogens and chemicals that enter coastal waters through runoff and sewage outfalls (5). Features of California sea lions, including their large population, wide geographic distribution and migration, gregarious nature, long life span, and shared environment with humans, may favor the transmission of viruses among themselves and to and/or from humans and other mammals.A commonly reported sea lion virus is San Miguel sea lion virus (SMSV), a calicivirus in the genus Vesivirus. SMSV was first isolated from California sea lions from San Miguel Island in 1972 (53). SMSV causes vesicular lesions of the skin and mucosa, abortion, pneumonia, and encephalitis in sea lions and is transmissible to sw...

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“…One of the serotypes of San Miguel sea lion virus (SMSV), belonging to the Vesivirus genus, has a list of several natural hosts, including five genera of seals, cattle, three genera of whales, donkeys, foxes, and humans (10,11). A zoonotic potential of SMSV and feline calicivirus (FCV), a member of the Vesivirus genus and a major causative agent of upper respiratory and hemorrhagic diseases in cats (12), is suggested by reports of human antibody against these viruses (10,11,13). Our aim in this study was to provide a structural characterization of a prototype vesivirus and examine the extent of structural complementarity between animal and human caliciviruses.…”

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confidence: 99%

X-ray structure of a native calicivirus: Structural insights into antigenic diversity and host specificity

Chen¹,

Neill

Estes

et al. 2006

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

166

153

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Caliciviruses, grouped into four genera, are important human and veterinary pathogens with a potential for zoonosis. In these viruses, capsid-related functions such as assembly, antigenicity, and receptor interactions are predominantly encoded in a single protein that forms an icosahedral capsid. Understanding of the immunologic functions and pathogenesis of human caliciviruses in the Norovirus and Sapovirus genera is hampered by the lack of a cell culture system or animal models. Much of our understanding of these viruses, including the structure, has depended on recombinant capsids. Here we report the atomic structure of a native calicivirus from the Vesivirus genus that exhibits a broad host range possibly including humans and map immunological function onto a calicivirus structure. The vesivirus structure, despite a similar architectural design as seen in the recombinant norovirus capsid, exhibits novel features and indicates how the unique modular organization of the capsid protein with interdomain flexibility, similar to an antibody structure with a hinge and an elbow, integrates capsid-related functions and facilitates strain diversity in caliciviruses. The internally located N-terminal arm participates in a novel network of interactions through domain swapping to assist the assembly of the shell domain into an icosahedral scaffold, from which the protruding domain emanates. Neutralization epitopes localize to three hypervariable loops in the distal portion of the protruding domain surrounding a region that exhibits host-specific conservation. These observations suggest a mechanism for antigenic diversity and host specificity in caliciviruses and provide a structural framework for vaccine development.neutralization epitopes ͉ norovirus ͉ vesivirus

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Vesivirus viremia and seroprevalence in humans

Cited by 37 publications

References 33 publications

Incidence, Diversity, and Molecular Epidemiology of Sapoviruses in Swine across Europe

Incidence, Diversity, and Molecular Epidemiology of Sapoviruses in Swine across Europe

The Fecal Viral Flora of California Sea Lions

X-ray structure of a native calicivirus: Structural insights into antigenic diversity and host specificity

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