Veterinary Drugs in Soil and in the Aquatic Environment

Abstract

In den letzten Jahren wurden weltweit Untersuchungen zu Vorkommen, Verhalten und möglichen Effekten von Tierarzneimitteln in der Umwelt durchgeführt. Der nach wie vor beträchtliche Einsatz von Tierarzneimitteln in der intensiven Tierhaltung führt vor allem zu einem Eintrag von pharmakologisch wirksamen Stoffen und ihren Metaboliten in Wirtschaftsdünger. Durch die Düngung gelangen diese in Böden und evtl. auch in das Grundwasser. Akute toxische Effekte auf Umweltorganismen durch bestimmte Antiparasitika sind bereits seit längerer Zeit bekannt, während vergleichbare Wirkungen durch die gemessenen Veterinärantibiotika-Konzentrationen nicht zu erwarten sind. Allerdings gibt es Hinweise auf einen Anstieg antibiotischer Resistenzgene in Böden. Eine Reduktion des Eintrags an Tierarzneimitteln in die Umwelt muss daher angestrebt werden. Möglichkeiten auf tiermedizinischer, legislativer und technologischer Ebene werden vorgestellt.An increasing number of investigations regarding occurrence, behavior and effects of veterinary drugs in the environment have been performed during the last years. Veterinary drugs are frequently used in high amounts leading to considerable concentrations of these compounds and their metabolites in manure and pig slurry. During fertilization with liquid manure substantial amounts of veterinary drugs and metabolites or transformation products reach agricultural soils and subsequently our ground water resources. While acute toxic effects on organisms in the environment of certain antiparasitic drugs are well known, comparable effects of the detected veterinary antibiotics cannot be expected. There is evidence that antibiotic resistance genes arise in soil after manure application. Therefore, the entry of veterinary drugs into the environment should be reduced and promising veterinarian, legislative and technological measures to reach this goal will be presented.

Organic Xenobiotics

“…Hartlieb et al (2003) demonstrated that a substantial fraction of the contaminants is locked up within the organic matrix by formation of non-extractable residues (NER). First results indicate that the anaerobic digestion process is also not able to degrade antibiotics completely, and the degradation efficiency may vary from very low elimination to up to 99 % (Hamscher and Mohring 2012). The process temperature is of high importance for the reduction of antibiotics and coliforms: Varel et al (2012) found higher CTC degradation and removement of coliforms during anaerobic digestion when the process temperature was raised from 22 to 38 or 55°C.…”

“…Nevertheless Hamscher and Mohring (2012) could demonstrate that-despite strong sorption-significant amounts of TCs were transferred to the groundwater with a maximum concentration of 0.13 µg l −1 . Even higher concentrations were detected in surface waters (CTC: 0.11-0.69 µg l −1 , oxytetracycline: 0.15-1.34 µg l −1 ) contaminated by run-off from agricultural sites (Hamscher and Mohring 2012).…”

“…Thus, application of manure as fertilizer is likely to contaminate fields with antibiotics. Tetracyclines (TCs) and sulfonamides were found at a magnitude of mg kg −1 in manure after designated use; tylosin, salinomycin and tiamulin were found in lower concentrations of µg kg −1 (Hamscher and Mohring 2012). Chander et al (2005) could demonstrate that even though antibiotics are tightly adsorbed by clay particles they are still biologically active and may influence the selection of antibiotic resistant bacteria in the terrestrial environment.…”

Phosphorus in Agriculture: 100 % Zero

“…Most antibiotics are water-soluble (e.g. Tetracyclines (TCs) and sulfonamides were found at a magnitude of mg kg −1 in manure after designated use; tylosin, salinomycin and tiamulin were found in lower concentrations of µg kg −1 (Hamscher and Mohring 2012). tetracyclines and ß-lactam antibiotics) or metabolites (e.g.…”

Aus den Hochschulstandorten: Lebensmittelchemie an der Justus‐Liebig‐Universität Gießen

“…Im Abb. 3: Forschungsaktivitäten ( → ) der AG Hamscher im Bereich "( Tier )Arzneimittel in der Umwelt" ( modifiziert nach [13] ).…”