Viability of stretchable poly(3-heptylthiophene) (P3HpT) for organic solar cells and field-effect transistors

Savagatrup, Suchol; Printz, Adam D.; Wu, Haosheng; Rajan, Kirtana M.; Sawyer, Eric J.; Zaretski, Aliaksandr V.; Bettinger, Christopher J.; Lipomi, Darren J.

doi:10.1016/j.synthmet.2015.02.031

Cited by 78 publications

(103 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…The crack-onset strain method is a commonly used technique for measuring the maximum plane strain for nanoscale thin films. 53,54 The thin film to be measured is deposited on a stretchable substrate to allow the film to support its own weight during testing. The film is then stretched, incrementally increasing the strain.…”

Section: Mechanical Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Structure and design of polymers for durable, stretchable organic electronics

Onorato

Pakhnyuk

Luscombe

2016

Polym J

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The field of stretchable electronics has recently gained significant interest from the academic community, with a focus on producing materials that demonstrate reliable electrical performance with improved response to mechanical deformation. This review highlights the recent progress in understanding the relationships between the mechanical behavior and electrical performance of such devices. Potential solutions can take the form of intrinsically elastic polymers, polymer semiconductor/ elastomer blends and alternative engineering-oriented approaches, which are discussed herein. Trends and design strategies are beginning to manifest in this early stage of the stretchable electronics field. The development of stretchable electrical systems can provide unique applications of organic electronics.

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Section: Mechanical Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Structure and design of polymers for durable, stretchable organic electronics

Onorato

Pakhnyuk

Luscombe

2016

Polym J

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“…Initial investigations into the effect of the introduction of bromine into the side chain were performed. It was reasonable to expect that a significant reduction in crystallinity and a concomitant increase in crack onset strain from the introduction of bromine would occur, as even bromine end‐groups on polymer chains are shown to significantly disrupt crystallinity . Our measurements show that the introduction of bromine, while influential on the melting point, does not result in a significant improvement in the crack onset strain.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 74%

“…The absorbance spectra of a blank glass slide was subtracted and normalized to zero at 800 nm. Fits were determined by the weakly interacting H‐aggregate model as described in the literature . The coupled vibronic transitions that determine the absorbance spectrum of P3HT were modeled with the following equation based on Gaussian fits:

\begin{matrix} A ((), E) \propto \sum_{m = 0} ((), \frac{S^{m}}{m!}) {(1 - \frac{W {normale}^{- S}}{2 E_{normalp}} \sum_{n \neq m} \frac{S^{n}}{n! (n - m)})}^{2} \\ \times normalexp ((), \frac{- {((), E - E_{00} - m E_{p} - \frac{1}{2} W S^{m} e^{- S})}^{2}}{2 σ^{2}}) \end{matrix}

where E is the photon energy and A is the absorbance spectrum as a function of photon energy.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…When coupled, the energy is dispersed, and the width of this dispersion is equal to W (which is roughly four times the nearest neighbor coupling). A low value for W indicates better ordering of aggregates, which means that W is inversely correlated to conjugation length . S is the Huang–Rhys factor, which is assumed to be 1 for most forms of P3HT .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Enhanced miscibility and strain resistance of blended elastomer/π‐conjugated polymer composites through side chain functionalization towards stretchable electronics

Pakhnyuk

Onorato

Steiner

et al. 2019

Polymer International

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This work presents improved compatibility in an elastomer/π‐conjugated polymer blend through side chain functionalization of the electronic polymer. Poly[(3‐(6‐bromohexyl)thiophene)‐ran‐(3‐hexylthiophene)] (P3BrxHT, x = 0%–100%) was synthesized (i) to improve miscibility with polybutadiene (PB) elastomer through altered π–π interactions and (ii) to covalently bond across phase‐segregated interfaces. Functionalization led to morphology with reduced domain sizes to improve crack onset strain from 7% to 40%. Furthermore, UV‐activated crosslinking reinforced mechanically weak interfaces and yielded at least an additional 40% increase in crack onset strain. Charge mobility in PB/P3BrxHT organic field‐effect transistors showed minimal dependence on bromide concentration and no negative effects from crosslinking. Functionalization was an effective method to reduce brittleness in PB/P3BrxHT blends through morphology modification and crosslinking to improve stability towards strain for potential stretchable electronic applications. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry

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“…25 Side chains in conjugated polymers decrease the modulus and brittleness by reducing the glass-transition temperature. 30 Branched side chains have a similar effect, but side chains that are far enough apart to interdigitate produce stiff crystallites. 31 Fused rings (e.g., thienothiophene) tend to produce stiffer thin fi lms than isolated rings (e.g., bithiophene).…”

Section: Mechanical Properties Of Organic Semiconductorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stretchable and ultraflexible organic electronics

2017

Self Cite

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Five years ago, MRS Bulletin published a theme issue on the then-and still-burgeoning fi eld of stretchable and fl exible electronics. 1 The authors in that issue explored the mechanics of stretchable thin fi lms, 2 approaches to generating stretchable devices from otherwise rigid materials, 3 and a range of stretchable device components, from batteries to electronic eye cameras. 4 The topics in that issue refl ected the state of the art in the fi eld then, which was dominated by devices based on inorganic materials (e.g., metallic fi lms and semiconductor nanoribbons).A complementary approach to extreme deformability is based on organic conductors and semiconductors. 5 While the conductivity and transport properties of inorganic materials are superior to those of organics, the advantages of these molecular materials remain-oxide-free interfaces, fabrication by printing in a roll-to-roll manner, low cost, tailorability by synthesis, and intrinsic mechanical compliance.5 Deformability was one of the original goals of organic electronics, 6 but some of the best performing materials today remain stiff, and they crack at relatively low strains. Organic devices can be rendered stretchable in many of the same ways as can devices based on inorganic thin fi lms (e.g., using wavy, fractal, or relief features that direct strain away from the sensitive components).7 Other approaches that are applicable only to organics, however, give them a distinct advantage, such as the formation of fi bers to form elastic mats and the synthesis of materials whose molecular structure or solid-state packing structure permits extreme deformation. 8A suite of tools incorporating metrology, synthesis, and fabrication has recently emerged whose goal is to achieve the original dream of organic electronics-to combine state-of-the-art electronic performance with high deformability. This research is, at present, somewhat distinct from efforts in the fi eld to understand and to improve the electronic properties of organic semiconductors, though ultimately, the results of both spheres of inquiry must be merged. The authors of the articles in this issue of MRS Bulletin have made key contributions to developing stretchable new materials or stretchable forms of old ones, new techniques for measuring the mechanical properties of fragile thin fi lms, and new devices that exhibit unprecedented deformability. New materials and stretchable forms of old onesStretchable electronics had its beginnings in the 1990s with the work of Wagner, Suo, and others, who examined the mechanics of materials-principally metals-on fl exible and stretchable substrates.9 These materials adopted buckled, wavy, or fractured morphologies that accommodated tensile strains while retaining electronic functionality. 10 In an example of applying this approach to organic electronic materials, we have made stretchable organic solar cells by buckling the devices on elastic substrates.11 Bettinger and co-workers used a similar approach by producing the fi rst stretchable organic Stretcha...

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Viability of stretchable poly(3-heptylthiophene) (P3HpT) for organic solar cells and field-effect transistors

Cited by 78 publications

References 31 publications

Structure and design of polymers for durable, stretchable organic electronics

Structure and design of polymers for durable, stretchable organic electronics

Enhanced miscibility and strain resistance of blended elastomer/π‐conjugated polymer composites through side chain functionalization towards stretchable electronics

Stretchable and ultraflexible organic electronics

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