Viable Glycerol Carbonate Synthesis Through Direct Crude Glycerol Utilization from Biodiesel Industry

Indran, Vidhyaa Paroo; Saud, Anisah Sajidah Haji; Maniam, Gaanty Pragas; Taufiq‐Yap, Yun Hin; Hasbi, Ab. Rahim Mohd

doi:10.1007/s12649-016-9681-3

Cited by 16 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…In addition, biochar ash is shown to be catalytically active (Figure 7). This is consistent with literature findings that have demonstrated the activity of biochar ash in similar reactions [48,49]. Biochars with higher ash contents, such as RH 550 (42.9 wt.%), are the most active for glycerol carbonate and triacetin synthesis.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Influence of Biochar Composition and Source Material on Catalytic Performance: The Carboxylation of Glycerol with CO2 as a Case Study

et al. 2020

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The impact of the chemical and physical composition of biochar catalysts is demonstrated in the carboxylation of glycerol with carbon dioxide for the first time, using acetonitrile as a dehydrating agent. Biochars are an important emerging class of catalytic material that can readily be produced from low-value biomass residues; however, the impact of feedstock choice is often overlooked. The ash content of biochar from three different feedstocks is shown to be catalytically active for the production of glycerol carbonate and triacetin, whilst low-ash catalysts such as soft wood biochar and commercial activated charcoal are inactive. Following treatment with hydrochloric acid, yields of glycerol carbonate over ash were reduced by over 94%, and triacetin was no longer produced. This has been attributed to the loss of potassium content. Carbon content was shown to be catalytically active for the synthesis of diacetin, and graphitic carbon may be beneficial. Through the development of structure–performance relationships, biomass feedstocks with the most suitable properties can therefore be selected to produce biochars for specific catalytic applications. This would expand the range of reactions which can be effectively catalysed by these materials and enhance the development of a more circular and sustainable chemicals industry.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Influence of Biochar Composition and Source Material on Catalytic Performance: The Carboxylation of Glycerol with CO2 as a Case Study

et al. 2020

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“…The catalytic system was reusable for three consecutive reaction cycles without the loss of activity (Indran et al, 2016). In another study, the same catalytic system was involved in the glycerolysis of crude glycerol from two different sources obtained from the commercial biodiesel plant depending on the catalyst used either sodium methylate or potassium methylate (Paroo Indran et al, 2017) The results confirmed the activity of the catalytic system but the selectivity and yield C are lower than those obtained using commercial glycerol. The water and methanol present in the crude glycerol, even in small quantities, are responsible, knowing the instability of GC in water and methanol can cause decomposition of GC into glycidol (Teng et al, 2014).…”

Section: Research Update On Gc Synthesismentioning

confidence: 88%

“…Studies show that from 10% w/w of water, GC becomes instable and has a significant influence on crude glycerol conversion (Paroo Indran et al, 2017). Similarly, a 5% w/w methanol content interferes with the selectivity of the reaction.…”

Section: Research Update On Gc Synthesismentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Progress in Synthesis of Glycerol Carbonate and Evaluation of Its Plasticizing Properties

Bandres

Urrutigoı̈ty

et al. 2019

Front. Chem.

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The state of the art on the glycerol carbonate (GC) synthesis has been updated since the last published reviews in 2012, 2013, and 2016. Three types of reactions continue to be studied: glycerolysis of urea, transcarbonation of DMC, DEC, or cyclic carbonates with glycerol and reaction using CO 2 . Among these different routes, DMC and glycerol were selected as the raw materials for the GC synthesis in this work since the transcarbonation from these green reagents leads to high yields and selectivities, using mild conditions including a less energy consuming GC separation process. Catalytic conditions using Na 2 CO 3 seem to be a good compromise to achieve a high yield of GC, leading to an easier purification step without GC distillation. Mild temperatures for the reaction (73–78°C) as well as a low waste amount confirmed by the E-factor calculation, are in favor of controlled costs. Plasticizing properties of synthesized GC were compared to the behaviors of a commercial plasticizer and natural dialkyl carbonates, for a colorless nail polish formulation. The resulting films subjected to mechanical and thermal stresses (DMA and Persoz pendulum) showed the high plasticizing effect of GC toward nitrocellulose based films, probably due to hydrogen bond interactions between GC and nitrocellulose. The GC efficiency gives the possibility to decrease the content of the plasticizer in the formulation. Glycerol carbonate can be thus considered as a biobased ingredient abiding by the green chemistry concepts, and safe enough to be used in an ecodesigned nail polish formulation.

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“…Further attempts at synthesising glycerol carbonate from crude glycerol have been made via the glycerolysis of urea. Indran and co-workers reported that the presence of water signiicantly reduced the conversion of glycerol from 94 to 50% and the yield of glycerol carbonate from 85 to 35%; an efect ascribed to the instability of glycerol carbonate in water [8]. This study also revealed that methanol has a negative efect on the glycerolysis of urea, as it promotes the decarboxylation of glycerol carbonate to glycidol.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 65%

“…This has therefore stimulated recent research on the direct utilisation of crude glycerol into valuable chemicals, e.g. glycerol carbonate [8,9], polyester [10], 1,3-propanediol [11], and n-butanol [12]. Glycerol carbonate is of particular interest due to its varied potential applications as an electrolyte in lithium ion batteries, an intermediate in polymer synthesis and wide use in the cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries [13,14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of impurities in the La2O3 catalysed carboxylation of crude glycerol

2019

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The direct carboxylation of crude glycerol, obtained as a by-product of bio-diesel synthesis, with CO 2 has been investigated over lanthanum oxide as a heterogeneous catalyst for the irst time. Adiponitrile is employed as a dehydrating agent in order to shift the reaction equilibrium to the product side. The selectivity of the reaction towards glycerol carbonate when using crude glycerol is signiicantly reduced as compared to employing reined glycerol: 2.3% cf. 17% respectively. Glycerol conversion, however remains approximately constant: 54% cf. 58%. In order to understand the role of the impurities present in crude glycerol, model systems consisting of reined glycerol and one or more of water, methanol, methyl palmitate (as a model fatty acid methyl ester), and sodium methoxide have been prepared and used as reaction media to systematically evaluate their efect. All of these impurities are seen to reduce the selectivity towards glycerol carbonate, instead favouring the formation of 4-(hydroxymethyl)oxazolidin-2-one, with the exception of methanol where no detrimental efect is observed and the measured selectivity increases slightly to ca. 22%. This efect is ascribed, in part, to improved mass transfer as a consequence of an increased solubility of carbon dioxide in the liquid media when methanol is present. Additionally, adiponitrile is observed to play a crucial role in the reaction mechanism beyond its simple role as a dehydrating agent. These results provide insights into the required puriication steps for crude glycerol, and suggest the possibility of employing crude glycerol directly, and its use as a chemical feedstock; in both cases by minimising costly separation and puriication steps.

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Viable Glycerol Carbonate Synthesis Through Direct Crude Glycerol Utilization from Biodiesel Industry

Cited by 16 publications

References 22 publications

Influence of Biochar Composition and Source Material on Catalytic Performance: The Carboxylation of Glycerol with CO2 as a Case Study

Influence of Biochar Composition and Source Material on Catalytic Performance: The Carboxylation of Glycerol with CO2 as a Case Study

Recent Progress in Synthesis of Glycerol Carbonate and Evaluation of Its Plasticizing Properties

The role of impurities in the La2O3 catalysed carboxylation of crude glycerol

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