Viable Putative Vibrio vulnificus and parahaemolyticus in the Pensacola and Perdido Bays: Water Column, Sediments, and Invertebrate Biofilms

Abstract

Vibriosis is the general term for human illnesses caused by infection of pathogenic Vibrio species. Vibrio vulnificus (Vv) and parahaemolyticus (Vp) are two problematic waterborne pathogens that have yet to be enumerated in northwest Florida coastal Gulf of Mexico estuaries. In this regionally novel study, we surveyed 43 locations in two subtropical estuarine systems, Perdido Bay and Pensacola Bay, over seven dates in winter 2020. Sampling included three substrate types: surface waters, sediments, and invertebrate biofilms. We determined baseline abundances of presumptive viable Vv and Vp appearing as colonies on CHROMagar (Vv, blue; Vp, purple). Vv was detected in 37 out of 43 water samples, with maximum levels of 3,556 CFU/mL. Vp was only detected in 15 water samples, with a maximum concentration of 8,919 CFU/mL. Sediments contained Vv in all but one sample, with concentrations ranging from 121 to 607,222 CFU/mL. In contrast, Vp were only detected in 33 sediment samples, where concentrations ranged from 28 to 77,333 CFU/mL. Opportunistically-sampled surface swabs (biofilms), collected from shells (either oyster or barnacle) and polychaete worms found in sediment samples, contained on average 7,735 and 1,490 CFU/mL of Vv and Vp, respectively. Surface water Vv abundances covaried with bottom water pH, maximum prior cumulative wind speeds, and tidal coefficient on the day of sampling. Vp surface water abundances negatively correlated with surface water salinity, surface water pH, and bottom water pH and positively correlated with total surface dissolved inorganic and total Kjeldahl nitrogen concentrations, and wind. Spatially, there was large variation in Vibrio densities in surface waters; abundances of both species were strongly correlated with wind, suggesting resuspension was important. Sedimentary abundances of both putative Vv and Vp shared a correlation with one parameter: salinity stratification. Due to the length of this study, temperature was not considered a major factor. This short-term (1 month) study was designed not to enumerate pathogenic Vv or Vp, but rather to establish the first winter baseline of Vibrio abundances for this region. Determination of these baseline winter cultivable putative Vibrio abundances will be valuable in predicting relative risk factors in each waterbody of interest.

Tools to Enumerate and Predict Distribution Patterns of Environmental Vibrio vulnificus and Vibrio parahaemolyticus

“…In more temperate South Carolina, USA, Vp abundances were negatively correlated with pH, where HABs were prevalent in coastal stormwater detention ponds [115]. In a group of subtropical estuaries, pH was found to be correlated positively with Vv, but negatively with Vp [128]. Evidently, variation in driving factors can be highly region-specific and potentially seasonally driven, but tidal influence or freshwater inputs on fluctuating pH may also be the driving factor in Vibrio abundances.…”

“…There is little "correlation" of Vibrio with SST when short-term, within-season, evaluations are conducted in both culture-dependent [128] and culture-independent [134,142] types of studies. This is especially evident from studies where the entire sampling period occurs in the warm summer months [134] or from single-year evaluations where temperature is a strong factor [143].…”

“…Vibrio are considered to be mesohalophiles (3-16 PSU). Thus, ecological surveys commonly report a negative relationship with salinity, especially at sites proximal to freshwater input [100,118,127,128]. Additional considerations should also include prevalence of the bacteria in surface waters as compared to bottom waters, where surface and bottom Vv may be differentially affected by temperature in the long term [154], a phenomenon likely present in any type of stratified estuarine environment.…”

“…Evidently, variation in driving factors can be highly region-specific and potentially seasonally driven, but tidal influence or freshwater inputs on fluctuating pH may also be the driving factor in Vibrio abundances. Tidal influence is an especially important predictive factor in estuaries, particularly shallow ones or those subjected to stratification [110,128,132].…”

Combined TCBS and CHROMagar Analyses Allow for Basic Identification of Vibrio vulnificus within a 48 h Incubation Period in the Coastal Baltic Sea

“…Bacteria of the genus Vibrio are ubiquitous members of marine ecosystems and occur in coastal, estuarine, brackish, and freshwaters as well as in sediments, often in association with higher organisms [ 1 ]. The genus consists of more than 130 species and around a dozen of these have been demonstrated to be human pathogens [ 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 ]. From these, Vibrio cholerae serotypes O1/O139 can cause the well-known disease cholera.…”