“…These methods have been extensively applied in steel industry to address various engineering problems related to mechanical properties, deformation behavior, thermal characteristics, and processing. The following lists some applications. - Material properties and fracture: for example, simulating the high‐speed tensile property, [100] crashworthiness, [101] ductile fracture, [102] buckling resistance, [103] the cyclic deformation behavior of TRIP steel [104] etc.
- Phase transformation: dealing with the stress and microstructure evolution during quenching [105,106] ; simulating the effects of the thermofluid field and thermal diffusion on the phase formation during welding [107] etc.
- Corrosion and fatigue: such as fatigue behavior [108,109] ; corrosion fatigue crack propagation behavior [110] ; dynamic bending fatigue test of wheels [111] ; and simulating localized and pitting corrosion [112,113]
- Material processing and forming: simulating the thermal distribution of steel products during quenching [106,114] or laminar cooling [115] ; analyzing the effect of electromagnetic stirring on liquid steel flow in the continuous casting mold [116] ; and simulating the material flow and the force load during the forging process [117]
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