Vibrational spectroscopy and SEM-EDX analysis of wall painted surfaces, Orchha Fort, India

Kanth, Aditya Prakash; Singh, Rajdeo

doi:10.1016/j.jasrep.2019.02.008

Cited by 5 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Corrosion processes of malachite, sulfates, chlorides, and other copper salts were primarily investigated, although examination of more works of art revealed that a large range of copper salts was also used as a pigment. Several environmental and intrinsic factors are correlated with the formation of chlorides, sulfates, phosphates, and mixed salts, such that the presence of particular secondary minerals is associated with local conditions, leading to degradation and stabilization of the compounds (Kanth & Singh, 2019a, 2019b; Švarcová et al, 2009; Wiggins et al, 2019).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scientific study of the pigments and binders used in mural painting from the 16th‐centuryceSt Mary's Church of Cheriapally, Kottyam, Kerala, and its relevance to conservation

Sharma

Singh²,

Jangid

2022

Archaeometry

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The aim of this investigation was to analyze the materials and techniques of the paintings in the 16th-century ce St Mary's Church, to evaluate deterioration of the paintings, and to propose a suitable conservation treatment for their preservation. The material analysis of ground, pigments, binders, and plasters was undertaken using binocular microscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy (SEM)-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray fluorescence, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy in reflectance (KBr) and transmittance mode (attenuated total reflection), thin-film X-ray diffraction, and micro-Raman spectroscopy. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used for identifying proteinaceous and lipidic materials extracted from the micro-samples. The study generated data on two different red and green pigments used as decorative materials. The red pigments were identified as cinnabar along with traces of hematite and clay minerals, and green as malachite and the minor presence of other minerals. SEM analysis identified cotton fiber embedded in the coarse plaster layer that provided better strength to the plaster. Plant oils and proteins found as the binder in the pigment samples suggested that the painting technique was executed as tempera. Lead white and gypsum materials were used in previous restoration works.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scientific study of the pigments and binders used in mural painting from the 16th‐centuryceSt Mary's Church of Cheriapally, Kottyam, Kerala, and its relevance to conservation

Sharma

Singh²,

Jangid

2022

Archaeometry

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“…Cinnabar and Aditya Prakash Kanth identified the 16th century C.E. Orchaha fort's (Figure 5) pigments as yellow ochre for yellow, copper-based pigment for green, lapis lazuli for blue, and mixtures of lead carbonate, calcite, and gypsum for white [58]. Cinnabar and red lead were commonly associated with earth pigments.…”

Section: Discussion On Earth Pigments Used In India's Wall Paintingsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Key elements of celadonite and glauconite (iron, silicon, aluminium, magnesium), as well as small amounts of potassium-replacement ions (calcium, manganese and sodium) along with trace amounts of titanium were identified in dozens of samples of green earth examined in India. The elements that were not present were beryllium, boron, arsenic, bismuth, cadmium, mercury, cobalt, nickel, molybdenum, tin, strontium, vanadium, zinc, and zirconium [57,58].…”

Section: Green Earths (Terreverte)mentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review on Historical Earth Pigments Used in India’s Wall Paintings

Sharma

Singh²

2021

Heritage

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Iron-containing earth minerals of various hues were the earliest pigments of the prehistoric artists who dwelled in caves. Being a prominent part of human expression through art, nature-derived pigments have been used in continuum through ages until now. Studies reveal that the primitive artist stored or used his pigments as color cakes made out of skin or reeds. Although records to help understand the technical details of Indian painting in the early periodare scanty, there is a certain amount of material from which some idea may be gained regarding the methods used by the artists to obtain their results. Considering Indian wall paintings, the most widely used earth pigments include red, yellow, and green ochres, making it fairly easy for the modern era scientific conservators and researchers to study them. The present knowledge on material sources given in the literature is limited and deficient as of now, hence the present work attempts to elucidate the range of earth pigments encountered in Indian wall paintings and the scientific studies and characterization by analytical techniques that form the knowledge background on the topic. Studies leadingto well-founded knowledge on pigments can contribute towards the safeguarding of Indian cultural heritage as well as spread awareness among conservators, restorers, and scholars.

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“…Previous research has documented the formation of similar films on the Colosseum of Rome linked to lichen that covered all the monument surfaces [5]. In the literature, oxalate film formation has mainly been reported on substrates such as granite stone, limestone, marble, wall and easel paintings, lime mortar, glass, and written materials [6][7][8][9][10][11][12]. Abdon A.O.D.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We attribute the formation of the Ca-oxalate film on the basalt surfaces of Raigad Fort to the growth of thick vegetation over hundreds of years. The calcium oxalate has formed directly on the stone surfaces of the fort walls, and the In the literature, oxalate film formation has mainly been reported on substrates such as granite stone, limestone, marble, wall and easel paintings, lime mortar, glass, and written materials [6][7][8][9][10][11][12]. Abdon A.O.D.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Formation of Calcium Oxalate Patinas as Protective Layer on Basaltic Stone Surfaces of 17th Century Raigad Hill Fort, India

Singh

Yadav

2023

Heritage

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This work reports calcium oxalate film formation on basaltic stone surfaces of the 17th-century western India Raigad Hill Fort. Nine stone samples extracted from the exterior surfaces of different historical structures of the fort were investigated under FTIR, optical microscopy, XRD, and SEM-EDX. The FTIR spectroscopy revealed intense peaks for Ca-oxalate patinas on basaltic stone surfaces. Observation under optical microscopy clearly showed milky white oxalate films, and peaks for crystalline calcium oxalate, including rock silicates, were prominently observed through XRD investigations. The surface morphology, the origin of the oxalate film, and the state of conservation of the basalt rock were investigated through SEM-EDX. The massive structures at Raigad, at a height of about 800 m, have hardly been chemically cleaned or coated with preservatives in the past. The presence of organic filaments in SEM photomicrographs indicated the biological origin of the oxalate patina due to the thick growth of microbiota on the monument stone during very heavy monsoons. The oxalic acid secreted by microbes dislodged the Ca-rich plagioclase of the stone, ensuring Ca-ions’ availability for film formation. The optical and mineralogical analyses suggest that the film is not the result of simple deposition but of the surface transformation of basaltic stone.

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Vibrational spectroscopy and SEM-EDX analysis of wall painted surfaces, Orchha Fort, India

Cited by 5 publications

References 27 publications

Scientific study of the pigments and binders used in mural painting from the 16th‐centuryceSt Mary's Church of Cheriapally, Kottyam, Kerala, and its relevance to conservation

Scientific study of the pigments and binders used in mural painting from the 16th‐centuryceSt Mary's Church of Cheriapally, Kottyam, Kerala, and its relevance to conservation

A Review on Historical Earth Pigments Used in India’s Wall Paintings

Formation of Calcium Oxalate Patinas as Protective Layer on Basaltic Stone Surfaces of 17th Century Raigad Hill Fort, India

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