“…In various experimental contexts, the understanding of physico-chemical mechanisms (shock wave dynamics [1], plasma dynamics [2], laser ablation [3], buffer gas cooling [4,5]) necessitates to characterize the evolution of the molecular degrees of freedom, which can be done by measuring the translational, rotational and vibrational temperatures. For example, in the field of molecular beams, it has been established for decades that a cooling process based on collisions is much more efficient for translation and rotation than for vibration [6].…”