Due to the importance of the analysis of piezoelectric nanorods and their different conditions in engineering problems, in this research, for the first time, both nonlocal elasticity theory and surface energy theory have been used simultaneously to model the piezoelectric nanorod. the natural frequency values of the system have been extracted using the Galerkin weighted residual method. By applying an external excitation voltage, the forced vibrations of nonlocal nanorods with surface effects are presented. the results are reported for different vibrational modes, and the impact of different parameters such as dimensions, nonlocal parameters, and surface effects are investigated. the results of this study prove that the nonlocal elastic theory is more effective than the surface energy theory on the vibration behavior of piezoelectric nanorods. Also, the effect of piezoelectric properties is enhanced by the nano scaling of the rods.