Vibrio parahaemolyticus: a review on the pathogenesis, prevalence, and advance molecular identification techniques

Letchumanan, Vengadesh; Chan, Kok‐Gan; Lee, Learn‐Han

doi:10.3389/fmicb.2014.00705

Cited by 419 publications

(336 citation statements)

References 141 publications

(186 reference statements)

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“…Infection with this species produces a variety of outcomes, with gastroenteritis representing approximately 60 to 80% of cases. Symptoms include diarrhea with cramping, nausea and vomiting, headache, chills, and low-grade fever (7,8).…”

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confidence: 99%

Differences in Abundances of Total Vibrio spp., V. vulnificus, and V. parahaemolyticus in Clams and Oysters in North Carolina

Froelich

Phippen

Fowler

et al. 2017

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Filter feeding shellfish can concentrate pathogenic bacteria, including Vibrio vulnificus and Vibrio parahaemolyticus, as much as 100-fold from the overlying water. These shellfish, especially clams and oysters, are often consumed raw, providing a route of entry for concentrated doses of pathogenic bacteria into the human body. The numbers of foodborne infections with these microbes are increasing, and a better understanding of the conditions that might trigger elevated concentrations of these bacteria in seafood is needed. In addition, if bacterial concentrations in water are correlated with those in shellfish, then sampling regimens could be simplified, as water samples can be more rapidly and easily obtained. After sampling of oysters and clams, either simultaneously or separately, for over 2 years, it was concluded that while Vibrio concentrations in oysters and water were related, this was not the case for levels in clams and water. When clams and oysters were collected simultaneously from the same site, the clams were found to have lower Vibrio levels than the oysters. Furthermore, the environmental parameters that were correlated with levels of Vibrio spp. in oysters and water were found to be quite different from those that were correlated with levels of Vibrio spp. in clams.IMPORTANCE This study shows that clams are a potential source of infection in North Carolina, especially for V. parahaemolyticus. These findings also highlight the need for clam-specific environmental research to develop accurate Vibrio abundance models and to broaden the ecological understanding of clam-Vibrio interactions. This is especially relevant as foodborne Vibrio infections from clams are being reported.KEYWORDS clams, ecology, food, oysters, shellfish, Vibrio A n estimated 84,000 people contract foodborne Vibrio infections each year in the United States, resulting in 500 hospitalizations and 100 deaths (1, 2). Unlike most other major foodborne bacterial pathogens, the number of cases caused by Vibrio spp. is increasing and currently is the highest since national reporting began (2, 3). While at least 12 Vibrio spp. are potentially pathogenic to humans, the two foodborne Vibrio spp. that cause the most infections and the most deaths in the United States are Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio vulnificus, respectively (2, 4).V. vulnificus is the single most fatal foodborne pathogen in the United States, and perhaps the world (4), accounting for 95% of all U.S. seafood-related deaths, with a fatality rate approaching 50% (5). Infections resulting from ingestion typically produce symptoms such as fever, chills, nausea, abdominal pain, hypotension, and the development of secondary lesions on the extremities (5, 6). V. parahaemolyticus infections are

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confidence: 99%

Differences in Abundances of Total Vibrio spp., V. vulnificus, and V. parahaemolyticus in Clams and Oysters in North Carolina

Froelich

Phippen

Fowler

et al. 2017

Appl Environ Microbiol

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“…During infection, TDH is involved in cytotoxicity and hemolytic activity, and on the basis of the sequence similarity between TDH and TRH, TRH is believed to act similarly (5-7). The presence of tdh and/or trh is common in pathogenic isolates but relatively rare in environmental strains; therefore, the presence of these genes is used to assess the virulence potential of V. parahaemolyticus isolates (8,9). In addition to tdh and trh, whole-genome sequencing (WGS) of V. parahaemolyticus led to the identification of two nonredundant type III secretion system (T3SS) gene clusters, dubbed T3SS1 and T3SS2, on chromosome 1 and chromosome 2, respectively, which are also involved in virulence (5, 10).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Genomic Features of Environmental and Clinical Vibrio parahaemolyticus Isolates Lacking Recognized Virulence Factors Are Dissimilar

Ronholm

Petronella

Leung

et al. 2016

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a bacterial pathogen that can cause illness after the consumption or handling of contaminated seafood. The primary virulence factors associated with V. parahaemolyticus illness are thermostable direct hemolysin (TDH) and Tdh-related hemolysin (TRH). However, clinical strains lacking tdh and trh have recently been isolated, and these clinical isolates are poorly understood. To help understand the emergence of clinical tdh-and trh-negative isolates, a genomic approach was used to comprehensively compare 4 clinical tdh-and trh-negative isolates with 16 environmental tdh-and trh-negative isolates and 34 clinical isolates positive for tdh or trh, or both, with the objective of identifying genomic features that are unique to clinical tdh-and trh-negative isolates. The prevalence of pathogenicity islands (PAIs) common to clinical isolates was thoroughly examined in each of the clinical tdh-and trh-negative isolates. The tdh PAI was not present in any clinical or environmental tdhand trh-negative isolates. The trh PAI was not present in any environmental isolates; however, in clinical tdh-and trh-negative isolate 10-4238, the majority of the trh PAI including a partial trh1 gene was present, which resulted in reclassification of this isolate as a tdh-negative and trh-positive isolate. In the other clinical tdh-and trh-negative isolates, neither the trh gene nor the trh PAI was present. We identified 862 genes in clinical tdh-and trh-negative isolates but not in environmental tdh-and trh-negative isolates. Many of these genes are highly homologous to genes found in common enteric bacteria and included genes encoding a number of chemotaxis proteins and a novel putative type VI secretion system (T6SS) effector and immunity protein (T6SS1). The availability of genome sequences from clinical V. parahaemolyticus tdh-and trh-negative isolates and the comparative analysis may help provide an understanding of how this pathotype is able to survive in vivo during clinical illness. Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a Gram-negative, halophilic bacterium that is ubiquitous in marine and estuarine environments and is often found colonizing shellfish or shrimp. While most strains are nonpathogenic, many have acquired virulence factors that result in illness when individuals are exposed to V. parahaemolyticus strains carrying these virulence factors (1). V. parahaemolyticus is recognized to be a leading cause of foodborne illness worldwide and is transmitted via the handling and consumption of raw or undercooked contaminated seafood (1). Infections occur both sporadically and in very large outbreaks. The most common manifestation of V. parahaemolyticus infection is acute, watery diarrhea accompanied by abdominal pain and nausea, although symptoms can also be severe and include a dysenterylike illness or septicemia (2). Since most cases of illness caused by V. parahaemolyticus are self-limiting, rates of infection are probably underestimated due to underreporting.Clinical V. parahaemolyticus isolates generally have at...

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“…In the case presented here, the organism was successfully identified by a commercial automated system, but automated detection systems can be inaccurate in the identification of Vibrio species (3). PCR-based methods can detect Vibrio species and are commonly employed in research settings but are not typically used in the clinical laboratory (3,4). Early evaluations of MALDI-TOF with Vibrio species indicate that, with the use of appropriate databases, this method is highly accurate in the identification of these organisms (3).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Brief Case: Safe To Go Back in the Water? Vibrio parahaemolyticus Wound Infection Associated with Brackish Water

et al. 2016

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A previously healthy 12-year-old female presented 1 day after sustaining a laceration of her left lower leg on an unidentified submerged object when she jumped off a dock into a brackish river in Cape Cod, MA. She had initially been evaluated at an urgent care clinic on the day of injury, where the wound was irrigated and sutured. On the following day, she developed worsening pain, erythema, and edema of the leg, as well as fever, and presented to the emergency department, where her vital signs were notable for a temperature of 38.5°C, a heart rate of 112 beats/ min, and a blood pressure of 80/32 mm Hg. Her physical examination was remarkable for an intensely painful 1.5-by-2-cm laceration on the left anterior lower leg, which was productive of serosanguinous drainage and was surrounded by a 6-cm region of erythema. Laboratory results were notable for an elevated white blood cell count of 24.7 ϫ 10 3 /l with 87% neutrophils. She was administered ceftriaxone, doxycycline, and levofloxacin and admitted to the intensive care unit, where she briefly required hemodynamic support with a dopamine infusion.On the second hospital day, the patient underwent incision and drainage of the wound. Aerobic, anaerobic, and mycobacterial tissue cultures were sent. A Gram stain of the original specimen showed no polymorphonuclear cells and no organisms. At 24 h, the aerobic culture plates showed growth of oxidase-positive, straight, Gram-negative rods. The organism grew slowly on MacConkey agar, producing small colonies at 48 h, without production of acid. Two slightly different colony morphologies were both identified as Vibrio parahaemolyticus by the Vitek 2 automated microbial identification system (bioMérieux, Durham, NC) with percent probabilities of 97% (excellent identification) and 95% (very good identification). These were also identified as V. parahaemolyticus by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry with scores of 2.47 and 2.27 (MALDI Biotyper [Bruker Daltonics, Billerica, MA] using the MALDI Biotyper reference library). Susceptibility testing was performed with a microdilution panel (MicroScan Neg MIC 38; Beckman Coulter, Brea, CA) and revealed the organism to be susceptible to all of the antibiotics tested (Table 1).On the basis of the identification and susceptibility testing of the organism, the patient's antibiotic regimen was changed to ceftazidime and doxycycline. She improved clinically and was discharged on hospital day 9 on oral ciprofloxacin and doxycycline to complete a 14-day course of antibiotics. By 2 weeks after hospital discharge, she had fully recovered and the sutures were removed from her wound, which had healed well. DISCUSSIONPathogens commonly recovered from soft tissue infections acquired in a setting of salt or brackish water exposure include Vibrio species (especially Vibrio vulnificus and V. parahaemolyticus), Edwardsiella tarda, Aeromonas hydrophila, Chromobacterium violaceum, Shewanella species, Streptococcus iniae, Erysipelothrix rhusiopath...

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Vibrio parahaemolyticus: a review on the pathogenesis, prevalence, and advance molecular identification techniques

Cited by 419 publications

References 141 publications

Differences in Abundances of Total Vibrio spp., V. vulnificus, and V. parahaemolyticus in Clams and Oysters in North Carolina

Differences in Abundances of Total Vibrio spp., V. vulnificus, and V. parahaemolyticus in Clams and Oysters in North Carolina

Genomic Features of Environmental and Clinical Vibrio parahaemolyticus Isolates Lacking Recognized Virulence Factors Are Dissimilar

The Brief Case: Safe To Go Back in the Water? Vibrio parahaemolyticus Wound Infection Associated with Brackish Water

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