Vibrio Parahaemolyticus Gastroenteritis Outbreaks Aboard Two Cruise Ships

Lawrence, Dale N.; Blake, Paul A.; Yashuk, John C.; Wells, Joy G.; Creech, Walton B.; Hughes, James H.

doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a112661

Cited by 24 publications

(6 citation statements)

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“…The bacterial causes of diarrheal disease on cruise ships reported include enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, Salmonella species including Salmonella typhi, Shigella species, Vibrio species, Campylobacter jejuni, and Staphylococcus aureus enteritis [1,3,13,[20][21][22][23][24][25][26]. These infections often tend to be more severe than those caused by Noroviruses, and have led to sporadic deaths in cruise ship passengers.…”

Section: Gastrointestinal Infectionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Infections in Confined Spaces: Cruise Ships, Military Barracks, and College Dormitories

Kak¹

2007

Infectious Disease Clinics of North America

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The presence of a vast cohort of individuals in semi-confined settings such as cruise ships, military barracks, and college dormitories is often accompanied by an increase in the risk of particular infections. These are often gastrointestinal infections on cruise ships and respiratory pathogens that are easily transmitted in the barrack and dormitory setting. The control of these infections involves attention to good personal hygiene, safe food and water handling, and use of vaccines to prevent vaccine-preventable diseases.

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Section: Gastrointestinal Infectionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Infections in Confined Spaces: Cruise Ships, Military Barracks, and College Dormitories

Kak¹

2007

Infectious Disease Clinics of North America

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“…Two outbreaks of food poisoning, both caused by Vibrio parahaemolyticus, were associated with the use of seawater from the ship's fire system in the galley. 37 Seafood was contaminated by seawater while the galley was being hosed down for cleaning. Galleys should be designed so that only potable water can be piped into spaces where food is stored, prepared, or served.…”

Section: Use Of Seawater In the Galleymentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of Outbreaks of Foodborne Disease Associated with Passenger Ships: Evidence for Risk Management

et al. 2004

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Objective. Foodborne disease outbreaks on ships are of concern because of their potentially serious health consequences for passengers and crew and high costs to the industry. The authors conducted a review of outbreaks of foodborne diseases associated with passenger ships in the framework of a World Health Organization project on setting guidelines for ship sanitation.Methods. The authors reviewed data on 50 outbreaks of foodborne disease associated with passenger ships. For each outbreak, data on pathogens/toxins, type of ship, factors contributing to outbreaks, mortality and morbidity, and food vehicles were collected.Results. The findings of this review show that the majority of reported outbreaks were associated with cruise ships and that almost 10,000 people were affected. Salmonella spp were most frequently associated with outbreaks. Foodborne outbreaks due to enterotoxigenic E. coli spp, Shigella spp, noroviruses (formally called Norwalk-like viruses), Vibrio spp, Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridium perfringens, Cyclospora sp, and Trichinella sp also occurred on ships. Factors associated with the outbreaks reviewed include inadequate temperature control, infected food handlers, contaminated raw ingredients, cross-contamination, inadequate heat treatment, and onshore excursions. Seafood was the most common food vehicle implicated in outbreaks.Conclusions. Many ship-associated outbreaks could have been prevented if measures had been taken to ensure adequate temperature control, avoidance of cross-contamination, reliable food sources, adequate heat treatment, and exclusion of infected food handlers from work.

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“…Fortunately, waterborne gastroenteritis outbreaks appear to have declined as a proportion of all outbreaks. A few waterborne outbreaks have been attributed to the unique features of shipboard saltwater intake and distribution systems; these outbreaks are not covered in depth in this review [4].…”

Section: Outbreak Frequency and Routes Of Transmissionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Primed by several outbreaks [1][2][3][4][5], the increased numbers of cruises, and the pending construction of vastly larger ships carrying thousands of passengers and crew, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) foresaw the potential for major outbreaks aboard ships. Relying on its considerable experience in investigating US and, upon invitation, international outbreaks, the CDC adapted its outbreak investigative techniques for large nonmaritime institutions [6] to be applicable to ships.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Outbreaks of gastrointestinal diseases on cruise ships: Lessons from three decades of progress

Lawrence

2004

Curr Infect Dis Rep

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Dramatic improvements in sanitary engineering and, especially, operational procedures aboard cruise ships began in the mid-1970s after several large outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis. The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Vessel Sanitation Program, working with the cruise industry, conducts ship inspections, provides public access to ship sanitation scores, and reports outbreak investigations. The significant increase in median ship sanitation scores over the past decade has been concomitant with a reduction in outbreak frequency to 3.7 per 1000 cruises. Most outbreaks of the past decade were linked to noroviruses (Norwalk-like viruses), enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, or the residual "unknown" causes. Although norovirus outbreaks may begin as foodborne or waterborne disease, easy person-to-person transmission occurs through fecal- or vomitus-splattered surfaces, other items, clothing, and especially, hands. Control of person-to-person spread of illness among crew and passengers becomes the major objective. Rigorous handwashing, environmental disinfection, and other food service job-related restrictions are required to prevent multiple outbreaks on the same ship. Vigilance by public health and industry officials has prevented many thousands of illnesses and some associated deaths. Clinicians providing pretravel health advice and post-travel diagnoses and care can benefit from and contribute to epidemiologic investigations and thereby enhance the health of cruise passengers individually and collectively.

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Vibrio Parahaemolyticus Gastroenteritis Outbreaks Aboard Two Cruise Ships

Cited by 24 publications

References 0 publications

Infections in Confined Spaces: Cruise Ships, Military Barracks, and College Dormitories

Infections in Confined Spaces: Cruise Ships, Military Barracks, and College Dormitories

A Review of Outbreaks of Foodborne Disease Associated with Passenger Ships: Evidence for Risk Management

Outbreaks of gastrointestinal diseases on cruise ships: Lessons from three decades of progress

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