Vibrio Pathogens: A Public Health Concern in Rural Water Resources in Sub-Saharan Africa

Abstract

Members of the Vibrio genus are autochthonous inhabitants of aquatic environments and play vital roles in sustaining the aquatic milieu. The genus comprises about 100 species, which are mostly of marine or freshwater origin, and their classification is frequently updated due to the continuous discovery of novel species. The main route of transmission of Vibrio pathogens to man is through drinking of contaminated water and consumption inadequately cooked aquatic food products. In sub-Saharan Africa and much of the developing world, some rural dwellers use freshwater resources such as rivers for domestic activities, bathing, and cultural and religious purposes. This review describes the impact of inadequately treated sewage effluents on the receiving freshwater resources and the associated risk to the rural dwellers that depends on the water. Vibrio infections remain a threat to public health. In the last decade, Vibrio disease outbreaks have created alertness on the personal, economic, and public health uncertainties associated with the impact of contaminated water in the aquatic environment of sub-Saharan Africa. In this review, we carried out an overview of Vibrio pathogens in rural water resources in Sub-Saharan Africa and the implication of Vibrio pathogens on public health. Continuous monitoring of Vibrio pathogens among environmental freshwater and treated effluents is expected to help reduce the risk associated with the early detection of sources of infection, and also aid our understanding of the natural ecology and evolution of Vibrio pathogens.

Isolation and identification ofVibriospecies in the Rio Bravo/Grande and water bodies from Reynosa, Tamaulipas

“…; Hounmanou et al . ; Osunla and Okoh ). In lake samples from Georgia, US, the predominant species isolated was V. cholerae (77·5%) (Kokashvili et al .…”

“…; Kokashvili et al . ; Osunla and Okoh ), and parameters such as temperature, salinity, pH, nutrient availability and their association with aquatic organisms, are the main factors that influence the distribution of Vibrio species (Tantillo et al . ; Vezzulli et al .…”

Comprehensive Genome Based Analysis ofVibrio parahaemolyticusfor Identifying Novel Drug and Vaccine Molecules: Subtractive Proteomics and Vaccinomics Approach

“…parahaemolyticus has been reported to show multidrug resistance during aquaculture production (Vaseeharan et al, 2005;, Yang et al, 2017, which raised the concern about public health and economic threat of this bacterium (Lesley et al, 2011;Noorlis et al, 2011;Osunla et al, 2017).…”

“…The continuous and inappropriate use of antibiotics in the aquaculture industry favors the development of a variety of resistant isolates and the dissemination of resistance genes within the bacterial population (Tendencia and de laPena, 2001). V. parahaemolyticus has been reported to show multidrug resistance during aquaculture production (Vaseeharan et al, 2005;, Yang et al, 2017, which raised the concern about public health and economic threat of this bacterium (Lesley et al, 2011;Noorlis et al, 2011;Osunla et al, 2017).…”

Attenuation of Vibrio parahaemolyticus Virulence Factors by a Mixture of Natural Antimicrobials

“…parahaemolyticus is a Gram-negative bacterium, halophilic in nature with a typically rigid curve or straight non-spore forming rod shape [1]. The bacteria of the Vibrio genus are commonly recognised as inhabitants of fresh and marine waters, with over 100 species being described so far [2]. Bacterial pathogens commonly elicit an inflammatory response upon infection; however, V. parahaemolyticus has not been shown to do so [3].…”