Vickers hardness indentation size effect in selective laser melted MS1 maraging steel

Baloš, Sebastian; Rajnović, Dragan; Šidjanin, Leposava; Cekic, Olivera Eric; Morača, Slobodan; Trivković, Mirjana; Dedić, Milan

doi:10.1177/0954406219892301

Cited by 8 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…The current research reveals that the four theoretical models all exhibit good relevance in regression analyses, as shown in Figure 6 and Table 3 . These results are consistent with the results of other researchers [ 3 , 12 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 ]. A new finding of current research is that good compatibility of the theoretical models with the measured hardness does not always exist when the indentation load was low, e.g., lower than 0.05 kgf, as shown in Figure 8 .…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 94%

“…Similar problems also exist in the evaluation of hard coatings, in which microhardness and nano-indentation are still the major methods [ 24 , 25 ]. The established models have enabled microhardness testing to measure the real hardness and hardening behaviour of various materials, such as annealed and strain-hardened stainless steels [ 2 , 26 ], irradiation-hardened vanadium alloys [ 27 ], ceramics and glass [ 28 ], steels of different chemical compositions and hardened conditions [ 12 , 29 , 30 ], and other materials [ 31 , 32 ]. It has been noted however, that few cases were conducted on materials having dimensions down to micro-scales, such as particles, fibers, thin films and micro-scale engineering surfaces.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Microhardness, Indentation Size Effect and Real Hardness of Plastically Deformed Austenitic Hadfield Steel

Luo

Kitchen

2023

Materials

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Microhardness testing is a widely used method for measuring the hardness property of small-scale materials. However, pronounced indentation size effect (ISE) causes uncertainties when the method is used to estimate the real hardness. In this paper, three austenitic Hadfield steel samples of different plastic straining conditions were subjected to Vickers microhardness testing, using a range of loads from 10 to 1000 g. The obtained results reveal that the origin of ISE is derived from the fact, that the indentation load P and the resultant indent diagonal d do not obey Kick’s law (P = A · d2). Instead, the P and d parameters obey Meyer’s power law (P = A · dn) with n < 2. The plastically strained samples showed not only significant work hardening, but also different ISE significance, as compared to the non-deformed bulk steel. After extensive assessment of several theoretical models, including the Hays-Kendall model, Li-Bradt model, Bull model and Nix-Gao model, it was found that the real hardness can be determined by Vickers microhardness indentation and subsequent analysis using the Nix-Gao model. The newly developed method was subsequently utilised in two case studies to determine the real hardness properties of sliding worn surfaces and the subsurface hardness profile.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 94%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microhardness, Indentation Size Effect and Real Hardness of Plastically Deformed Austenitic Hadfield Steel

Luo

Kitchen

2023

Materials

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“…Conversely, measurements conducted in the central part of the specimen exhibited a correlation factor of 0.9992, which is higher and thus more adequate than that achieved by the PSR model and equal to the values obtained by applying Meyer's law. These results are similar to those obtained by Gong et al[23], as well as Balos et al[20,25,26], where an added experimental constant P o was found to enhance the accuracy of the model, irrespective of the tested material, i.e., polymers or alloys, obtained as bulk material or additively manufactured, and tested by the Vickers or the Knoop microhardness testing method.…”

supporting

confidence: 90%

“…The behavior showcasing irregular values obtained at different indentation loads, shown in Figure 1 line b, is exhibited by some organic crystals and polymers [24]. The RISE behavior, where an increase in test load influences the increased microhardness values up to a threshold load value, resulting in reaching H LIH , was found in some metals, obtained via selective laser melting (SLM) and tested via Vickers and Knoop microhardness methods [25,26]. Conversely, brittle polymers and ceramics exhibit ISE behavior (Figure 1, line d), where the rise in test load influences the obtaining of lower microhardness values, again up to a threshold load value, which results in reaching H LIH .…”

Section: Of 11mentioning

confidence: 89%

Load-Independent Hardness and Indentation Size Effect in Iron Aluminides

Balos,

Pecanac,

Trivkovic

et al. 2024

Materials

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In this paper, an iron–aluminide intermetallic compound with cerium addition was subjected to Vickers microhardness testing. A full range of Vickers microhardness loadings was applied: 10, 25, 50, 100, 200, 300, 500, and 1000 g. Tests were conducted in two areas: 0.5 mm under the surface of the rolled specimen and in the center. The aim was to find the optimal loading range that gives the true material microhardness, also deemed load-independent hardness, HLIH. The results suggest that in the surface area, the reverse indentation size effect (RISE) occurred, similar to ceramics and brittle materials, while in the center, indentation size effect (ISE) behavior was obtained, more similar to metals. This clearly indicated an optimal microhardness of over 500 g in the surface region and over 100 g in the central region of the specimen. Load dependencies were quantitatively described by Meyer’s law, proportional specimen resistance (PSR), and the modified PSR model. The modified PSR model proved to be the most adequate.

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“…Mechanical hardening is described in detail in studies by the authors of [22,23]. Additionally, other researchers have endeavored to identify the influence of material properties on the surface hardening of materials such as Al 6061-T6 [24] and Hadfield steels [25][26][27][28][29][30][31]. The issue of surface hardening in AISI 304 steel is addressed in [32].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimization of Sustainable Production Processes in C45 Steel Machining Using a Confocal Chromatic Sensor

Jurko,

Paľová,

Michalík

et al. 2024

Lubricants

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Metal machining production faces a myriad of demands encompassing ecology, automation, product control, and cost reduction. Within this framework, an exploration into employing a direct inspection of the machined area within the work zone of a given machine through a confocal chromatic sensor was undertaken. In the turning process, parameters including cutting speed (A), feed (B), depth of cut (C), workpiece length from clamping (D), and cutting edge radius (E) were designated as input variables. Roundness deviation (Rd) and tool face wear (KM) parameters were identified as output factors for assessing process performance. The experimental phase adhered to the Taguchi Orthogonal Array L27. Confirmatory tests revealed that optimizing process parameters according to the Taguchi method could enhance the turning performance of C45 steel. ANOVA results underscored the significant impact of cutting speed (A), feed (B), depth of cut (C), and workpiece length from clamping (D) on turning performance concerning Rd and KM. Furthermore, initial regression models were formulated to forecast roundness variation and tool face wear. The proposed parameters were found to not only influence the machined surface but also affect confocal sensor measurements. Consequently, we advocate for the adoption of these optimal cutting conditions in product production to bolster turning performance when machining C45 steel.

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Vickers hardness indentation size effect in selective laser melted MS1 maraging steel

Cited by 8 publications

References 28 publications

Microhardness, Indentation Size Effect and Real Hardness of Plastically Deformed Austenitic Hadfield Steel

Microhardness, Indentation Size Effect and Real Hardness of Plastically Deformed Austenitic Hadfield Steel

Load-Independent Hardness and Indentation Size Effect in Iron Aluminides

Optimization of Sustainable Production Processes in C45 Steel Machining Using a Confocal Chromatic Sensor

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