Victim Alcohol Intoxication During a Sexual Assault: Relations With Subsequent PTSD Symptoms

Jaffe, Anna E.; Steel, Anne L.; DiLillo, David; Hoffman, Lesa; Gratz, Kim L.; Messman-Moore, Terri L.

doi:10.1891/0886-6708.vv-d-16-00045

Cited by 23 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…These findings also shed light on the overall associations between alcohol-involved SA and subsequent intrusive memories. Prior studies examining alcohol involvement during SA and subsequent PTSD-related intrusions have revealed mixed findings (Aakvaag et al, 2018;Brown et al, 2009;Jaffe et al, 2017;Littleton et al, 2009;Peter-Hagene & Ullman, 2018;Zinzow et al, 2010), and we found no difference by SA type in overall intrusion symptoms. However, intrusions after alcohol-involved SA depended on daily consumption of alcohol in our study, which suggests that post-SA alcohol use may be an important factor not considered in previous work.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 56%

“…Compared to non-alcohol-involved SA, some have found that alcohol-involved SA is associated with less severe PTSD symptoms (Peter-Hagene & Ullman, 2018), including fewer initial intrusive symptoms , whereas others indicate no differences (Aakvaag, Strøm, & Thoresen, 2018;Brown, Testa, & Messman-Moore, 2009;Littleton, Grills-Taquechel, & Axsom, 2009;Zinzow et al, 2010). Over time, however, alcohol-involved assault survivors report more persistent PTSD intrusive symptoms than non-alcohol assault survivors , especially when there is greater intoxication at the time of the SA (Jaffe et al, 2017).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Are trauma memories state-dependent? Intrusive memories following alcohol-involved sexual assault

Jaffe

Blayney

Bedard‐Gilligan

et al. 2019

European Journal of Psychotraumatology

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Background: Sexual assault (SA) frequently occurs under the influence of alcohol, and is often followed by both drinking and posttraumatic stress symptoms, including intrusive memories. Although many theories attempt to explain the co-occurrence of alcohol use and posttraumatic stress, one possibility not yet considered is that SA memories may be more likely to occur when there is an encoding-retrieval match in alcohol intoxication state. Objective: The aim of this study was to examine the potential for intrusive memories of SA to be state-dependent, such that intrusive memories for alcohol-involved SA may be more likely to occur in the context of subsequent alcohol intoxication. Method: Participants were 100 college women (age range = 18 to 24 years; 73% White/ Caucasian, 89% heterosexual) with a history of alcohol-involved SA (67%) or other, nonalcohol-involved SA (33%). Participants completed daily questionnaires for 30 days assessing past-day drinking and intrusion symptoms. Results: A random-intercept, negative binomial multilevel model revealed that, after controlling for overall frequency of drinking and perceived threat during SA, women with a history of alcohol-involved SA reported more severe intrusion symptoms on drinking days than on non-drinking days. No such difference in intrusions was observed for women who were not intoxicated at the time of the assault. Conclusions: Findings are consistent with the possibility of state-dependent intrusive memories. Additional research is needed to determine whether alcohol intoxication might serve as a discriminative cue preceding intrusive memories of alcohol-involved SA.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 56%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Are trauma memories state-dependent? Intrusive memories following alcohol-involved sexual assault

Jaffe

Blayney

Bedard‐Gilligan

et al. 2019

European Journal of Psychotraumatology

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“…The studies examining the effects of acute substance intoxication varied in their designs: four studies compared PTSD symptoms in assault victims with and without acute substance intoxication ( 41 , 62 , 63 , 70 ); five studies categorized sexual assault experiences into types and compared their unique effects on PTSD symptoms ( 64 – 68 ); two studies identified subgroups of victims based on reported sexual assault characteristics and compared these subgroups with one another to investigate effects of these characteristics on PTSD symptoms ( 61 , 69 ). Due to the advantages of longitudinal over cross-sectional studies in more effectively examining the effect of pre-assault substance consumption on the development, and especially the course, of PTSD symptoms, longitudinal studies are given more weight and hence are presented in advance of cross-sectional studies in this review.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Post-traumatic Stress Disorder in Victims of Sexual Assault With Pre-assault Substance Consumption: A Systematic Review

2019

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Background: Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and substance consumption commonly co-occur in victims of sexual assault. Substance consumption can occur pre- andi/or post-assault. Pre-assault substance consumption may have an impact on the subsequent development of PTSD. This review aims to provide an overview of current understanding of the effects of acute substance intoxication and chronic pre-assault problematic substance use on symptoms of PTSD amongst individuals who were victims of sexual assault.Methods: PsycINFO, EMBASE, and MEDLINE were searched using terms related to PTSD, sexual assault, and substance consumption. These yielded 2,121 articles, 268 of which were retrieved for more detailed evaluation and 13 of these met inclusion criteria and were appraised in full.Results: Overall, the reviewed papers supported our hypothesis that acute substance intoxication and chronic pre-assault problematic substance use are associated with fewer initial PTSD symptoms but less improvement over time, resulting in slower overall PTSD recovery. They also highlighted post-assault characterological self-blame and negative social reactions as mediators of recovery in the context of pre-assault substance consumption.Conclusions: Acute substance intoxication and chronic pre-assault problematic substance use appear to have an impact on the development of PTSD symptoms amongst victims of sexual assault. The importance of developing early interventions and routine screening and assessment for PTSD and pre-assault substance consumption is emphasized. The limited research on male victims and on substances other than alcohol is highlighted.

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“…Participants were drawn from a larger, multiwave, multisite study of emotion dysregulation and sexual revictimization (also see Jaffe et al, 2017;Watkins, Franz, DiLillo, Gratz, & Messman-Moore, 2015;Watkins et al, 2014). A total of 491 women between 18 and 25 years of age were recruited from the community at four sites in the United States (Lincoln and Omaha, Nebraska; Jackson, Mississippi; Oxford, Ohio) for a study of women's life experiences.…”

Section: Participantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk for Revictimization Following Interpersonal and Noninterpersonal Trauma: Clarifying the Role of Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms and Trauma‐Related Cognitions

Jaffe

DiLillo

Gratz

et al. 2019

Journal of Traumatic Stress

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One victimization experience can increase the risk for subsequent victimization, which is known as revictimization. The aims of this study were to build on sexual revictimization research by (a) broadening the understanding of revictimization to interpersonal (and potentially noninterpersonal) trauma generally and (b) gaining specificity in the mechanisms that underlie revictimization. Using a prospective multisite design, an ethnically and racially diverse sample of 453 young women from the community (age range: 18–25 years, 60.7% European American) completed an initial survey and at least one follow‐up survey within the subsequent year. Participants completed self‐report measures of trauma history, posttraumatic stress symptoms, and maladaptive posttraumatic cognitions. Structural equation models revealed that interpersonal revictimization was observed when controlling for past noninterpersonal trauma, odds ratio (OR) = 2.27, 95% CI [1.23, 4.18], and supported the role of posttraumatic stress symptoms as a mechanism underlying such revictimization, 95% CI of indirect effect (IE) [0.08, 0.51]. Additionally, a history of noninterpersonal trauma (controlling for past interpersonal trauma) increased risk of subsequent interpersonal victimization via posttraumatic stress symptoms, 95% CI of IE [0.01, 0.38]. Notably, however, when maladaptive cognitions were included as mediators in addition to posttraumatic stress symptoms, the only unique indirect effect was for the association between interpersonal trauma and risk of revictimization specifically through perceived threat of harm, 95% CI of IE [0.05, 0.20]. These findings suggest that efforts to reduce interpersonal revictimization should target maladaptive posttraumatic cognitions, particularly perceptions of threat in the environment.

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Victim Alcohol Intoxication During a Sexual Assault: Relations With Subsequent PTSD Symptoms

Cited by 23 publications

References 42 publications

Are trauma memories state-dependent? Intrusive memories following alcohol-involved sexual assault

Are trauma memories state-dependent? Intrusive memories following alcohol-involved sexual assault

Post-traumatic Stress Disorder in Victims of Sexual Assault With Pre-assault Substance Consumption: A Systematic Review

Risk for Revictimization Following Interpersonal and Noninterpersonal Trauma: Clarifying the Role of Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms and Trauma‐Related Cognitions

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