Video modeling examples are effective tools for self-regulated learning in physical education: Students learn through repeated viewing, self-talk, and mental rehearsal

Abstract

This study aimed at assessing the impact of video modeling examples (VMEs) on secondary school students’ self-regulated learning experiences in gymnastics in original physical education (PE) settings. A total of 56 students (28 males and 28 females), aged 16–17, took part in a seven-week gymnastics learning unit for the purpose of acquiring new motor skills and knowledge using VMEs, in the absence of teacher and peer assistance. Repeated measurements were collected through gymnastics floor routines and a custom-designed written test. Semi-structured interviews were administered to explore students’ self-regulated learning strategies. The analysis of quantitative data revealed significant improvements in males’ skill performance (pre: 4.54 ± 2.42, post: 10.97 ± 3.25 points; p < 0.001) and knowledge (pre: 6.43 ± 2.26, post: 13.19 ± 3.09 points; p < 0.001), as well as females’ skill performance (pre: 2.64 ± 2.09, post: 8.96 ± 4.12 points; p < 0.001) and knowledge (pre: 6.14 ± 2.48, post: 10.97 ± 3.25 points; p < 0.001) after taking part in the practical intervention. Sex-based differences, in favor of the males, were only observed in knowledge outcomes (males: Δ (Δ%) = 6.76 (105.1%), females: Δ (Δ%) = 4.25 (69.2%); p < 0.05). Qualitative data analysis yielded three major learning strategies: repeated viewing and interpretation of VMEs, self-talk and mental rehearsal. In conclusion, VMEs were able to empower the participating students to acquire motor skills and knowledge in PE classes through activating different metacognitive learning strategies, and even without resorting to teacher/peer assistance. Data from this study could prompt PE teachers to incorporate VME-mediated self-regulated learning methods into their teaching practices for better classroom management and for improving their students’ metacognition.

Effectiveness of Video Modeling in Improving Technical Skills in Young Novice Basketball Players: A Quasi-Experimental Study

“…The results recorded in the present study confirm those reported in several previous studies that confirmed that incorporating VM was a good strategy to induce beneficial improvements in terms of specific skills in both individuals (e.g., gymnastics, weightlifting) [ 15 , 16 , 53 ], and team sports such as soccer and basketball [ 54 , 55 , 56 ]. Specifically, in basketball, passing skills were found to be higher in VMG compared to CG.…”

“…Moreover, it has been revealed that most of the information that reaches the brain is acquired through the eyes/visualization [ 12 , 13 ]. From this perspective, various studies have suggested that VM is an effective strategy that induces learning improvements and enhances athletic movements such as gymnastics skills [ 9 , 14 , 15 ], snatch movement in weightlifting [ 16 ], tennis service [ 17 ], basketball shooting form [ 18 , 19 , 20 ], and basketball tactical skills [ 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 ]. This is particularly true, as digital environments allow coaches to use videos to analyze athletic movements, evaluate their team performance, and adjust their collective strategies and individual technical skills to enhance their performance [ 5 , 24 ].…”

Unveiling the Impact of Metacognition on Academic Achievement in Physical Education and Activity Settings: A Comprehensive Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Qualitative Insights

“…Is There a Clear Statement of Findings? [ 47 ] 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 [ 48 ] 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 [ 30 ] 1 ? 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 [ 14 ] 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 [ 49 ] 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 ?…”

“…Most of the data focus on performance in three aspects during learning processes: 6 articles (30%) focus on metacognitive processes,12 articles (60%) focus on self-regulation, and two articles (10%) focus on executive functions. The sports disciplines include soccer, 30 , 47 , 62 gymnastics, 48 endurance running, 14 , 51 , 55 golf, 49 taekwondo, 50 , 60 MMA, 54 , 56 , 61 yoga, 52 table tennis, 57 hockey, 63 and metacognition-related physical education programs. 53 , 58 , 59 , 64 Most studies indicate that metacognitive performance varies across different sports disciplines.…”

“…The research findings indicate that individually tailored or combined use of various interventions, based on individual needs and goals, could enhance metacognitive abilities, this in turn, improves the efficiency and quality of learning, problem-solving, and decision-making, and holds significant value for both personal performance and academic achievements. These intervention measures include Applied Cognitive Task Analysis (ACTA), 47 video modeling examples (VMEs), 48 pressure training programs (PT), 30 Cognitive Orientation to daily Occupational Performance (CO-OP), 53 massively multiplayer online role-playing games (MMORPGs), 58 as well as self-talk and mental imagery practices. 48 Additionally, research has shown that certain precision-oriented individual sports and activities, such as long-distance running, martial arts, yoga, and golf, had a significant impact on metacognition when it came to their teaching and training programs.…”