Views of female genital mutilation survivors, men and health-care professionals on timing of deinfibulation surgery and NHS service provision: qualitative FGM Sister Study

Abstract

Background Female genital mutilation is an important UK health-care challenge. There are no health benefits of female genital mutilation, and it is associated with lifelong physical, psychological and sexual impacts. The annual cost to the NHS to care for survivors is £100M. Deinfibulation may improve the health and well-being of some women, but there is no consensus on the optimal timing of surgery for type 3 survivors. UK care provision is reportedly suboptimal. Objectives We aimed to explore the views of survivors, men and health-care professionals on the timing of deinfibulation surgery and NHS service provision. Methods This was a qualitative study informed by the Sound of Silence framework. This framework is useful for researching sensitive issues and the health-care needs of marginalised populations. A total of 101 interviews with 44 survivors, 13 men and 44 health-care professionals were conducted, supplemented by two workshops with affected communities (participants, n = 10) and one workshop with stakeholders (participants, n = 30). Data were analysed using a hybrid framework method. Results There was no clear consensus between groups on the optimal timing of deinfibulation. However, within groups, survivors expressed a preference for deinfibulation pre pregnancy; health-care professionals preferred antenatal deinfibulation, with the caveat that it should be the survivor’s choice. There was no consensus among men. There was agreement that deinfibulation should take place in a hospital setting and be undertaken by a suitable health-care professional. Decision-making around deinfibulation was complex. Deficiencies in professionals’ awareness, knowledge and understanding resulted in impacts on the provision of appropriate care. Although there were examples of good practice and positive care interactions, in general, service provision was opaque and remains suboptimal, with deficiencies most notable in mental health. Deinfibulation reportedly helps to mitigate some of the impacts of female genital mutilation. Interactions between survivors and health-care professionals were disproportionately framed around the law. The way in which services are planned and provided often silences the perspectives and preferences of survivors and their families. Limitations Only a minority of the interviews were conducted in a language other than English, and the recruitment of survivors was predominantly through maternity settings, which meant that some voices may not have been heard. The sample of men was relatively small, limiting interpretation. Conclusions In general, service provision remains suboptimal and can silence the perspectives and preferences of survivors. Deinfibulation services need to be widely advertised and information should highlight that the procedure will be carried out in hospital by suitable health-care professionals and that a range of time points will be offered to facilitate choice. Future services should be developed with survivors to ensure that they are clinically and culturally appropriate. Guidelines should be updated to better reflect the needs of survivors and to ensure consistency in service provision. Future work Research is needed to (1) map female genital mutilation service provision; (2) develop and test effective education to address deficits in awareness and knowledge for affected communities and health-care professionals; and (3) develop, monitor and evaluate clinically and culturally competent female genital mutilation services. Trial registration Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN14710507. Funding This project was funded by the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Health Technology Assessment Programme and will be published in full in Health Technology Assessment; Vol. 27, No. 3. See the NIHR Journals Library website for further project information.

Examining the key features of specialist health service provision for women with Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting (FGM/C) in the Global North: a scoping review

“…Furthermore, there is some evidence that hierarchical tensions can arise between “volunteers” “in the community” and the “professionals” who may “supervise” them. Particularly if the former receive little financial support, but the latter have salaries and occupational status ( 82 , 106 , 107 ).…”

Preferences for deinfibulation (opening) surgery and female genital mutilation service provision: A qualitative study

“…Extensive information about the development and application of the novel hybrid framework method can be found in the FGM Sister Study funding report. 16 WP2 data were used to confirm and/or challenge the findings from WP1 and identify any new lines of enquiry or interpretations of the data that might have gone unnoticed initially. Relevant WP2 data were incorporated into the final analysis and presentation of the data.…”

“…Themes, sub‐themes, cross‐cutting themes and silences were interpreted across the data. Extensive information about the development and application of the novel hybrid framework method can be found in the FGM Sister Study funding report 16 . WP2 data were used to confirm and/or challenge the findings from WP1 and identify any new lines of enquiry or interpretations of the data that might have gone unnoticed initially.…”

“…In addition to a survivor representative on the study steering group, a group of four type 3 FGM survivors were pivotal across all aspects of the study. Further extensive information about PPI can be found in the FGMSS funding report 16 …”

“…This study is registered as International Standard Registered Clinical/soCial sTudy Number (ISRCTN) 14710507 14 and further methods information can be found in the protocol 15 and the associated extensive FGM Sister Study funding report. 16…”