Vigilance strategy differentiation between sympatric threatened and common crane species

Kong, Delong; Luo, Weixiong; Møller, Anders Pape; Zhang, Yanyun; Yang, Xuefei

doi:10.1016/j.beproc.2020.104119

Cited by 4 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Compared with other wintering grounds of black-necked cranes in China, including those at Caohai wetlands in Guizhou province (vigilance: 12.59-16.52%; Li and Ma, 1992), Napahai wetlands in Yunnan (vigilance: 11.74-17.05%) and Lhasa in Tibet (vigilance: 17.8-21.0%; Che et al, 2018), black-necked cranes in Dashanbao spent most time allocation to vigilance (27.30-31.28%); even higher than former research conducted here in 2008 (vigilance: 15.6-21.4%; Kong et al, 2008) before visitation opens for public tourists. Black-necked cranes in our study area are facing equivalent disturbance to the birds in Daqiao wetland (vigilance: 27.9+-16.5%; Kong et al, 2020) with a large human density of 135 residents per square kilometers, about 80km away from Dashanbao. Similarly, individual vigilance of cranes in our study (observer distance) and in Daqiao are significantly affected by human disturbance (Kong et al, 2020).…”

Section: Increased Individual Vigilance With Tourismmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Black-necked cranes in our study area are facing equivalent disturbance to the birds in Daqiao wetland (vigilance: 27.9+-16.5%; Kong et al, 2020) with a large human density of 135 residents per square kilometers, about 80km away from Dashanbao. Similarly, individual vigilance of cranes in our study (observer distance) and in Daqiao are significantly affected by human disturbance (Kong et al, 2020). We believe that the predominant landscape of vast marshes in Napahai and Caohai wetlands, which the help of avoidance of human access to crane habitats contributed the lower anti-predator scans.…”

Section: Increased Individual Vigilance With Tourismmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Vigilant and non-vigilant behavior were extracted in second (s) from videos taken in the field. We defined head-up scanning with neck stretched while standing, walking or even laying down as vigilance (Kong et al, 2020), otherwise as non-vigilant.…”

Section: Data Collectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Our study confirmed former studies (Wang et al, 2009;Che et al, 2018) that adults took the responsibility of anti-predator scanning with significant higher alert time expenditure and duration. Wildlife decrease individual vigilance and benefit from foraging by gathering in big flocks (Pulliam, 1973;Kong et al, 2020), but interspecific conflicts also increase with group size (Pulliam, 1973;Caro, 2005), and juveniles are more vulnerable to conflicts. So, in winter, we could observe many family groups (2 adults with 1-2 juveniles) forage separately from other large groups (Liu et al, 2008), so as to keep >80% of time in foraging for young birds (Wang et al, 2009).…”

Section: Increased Individual Vigilance With Tourismmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Ge et al (2011) reported synchronization of collective vigilance of two adult Red-crowned craneGrus japonesis in family groups decreased when birds shifted from core zone with less disturbance to buffer zone with higher disturbance; and common crane Grus grus behaved coordinated vigilance in buffer zones. Basically, smaller common crane showed stronger antipredation vigilance than bigger crane species (Kong et al, 2020), which means common crane could adopt elevated vigilance strategy to red-crowned crane facing similar threats or disturbance, e.g. the buffer zone disturbance in the study of Ge et al (2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

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Synchronization or Coordination? Context dependent anti-predator vigilance to nature-based ecotourism

Kong

ller

Zhang

2020

Preprint

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Prey monitor surrounding dangers independently or cooperatively (synchronized and coordinated vigilance), with independent and synchronized scanning being prevalent. Coordinated vigilance, including unique sentinel behaviour, is rare in nature, since it is time-consuming and benefit-limited. Evidence does not indicate animals adopting alternative vigilance strategies during antipredation scanning. Considering the cooperative nature of both synchronization and coordination, we assessed whether group members could keep alert synchronously or coordinatedly under different circumstances, determining whether cooperative vigilance is context dependent. Under the framework of conservation behavior, we studied how human behaviour and species-specific variables impacted individual and collective vigilance of globally threatened Black-necked Cranes (Grus nigricollis) and explored behaviour-based wildlife management. We tested both predation risk (juveniles in group) and human disturbance (level and distance) effects on individual and collective antipredation vigilance of black-necked crane families. Adults spent significantly more time (proportion and duration) on scanning than juveniles, and parents with juveniles behaved more vigilant. Observer distance affected individual vigilance of adults while juveniles were influenced by none of these variables. With the number of juveniles and disturbance increased, crane couples decreased synchronization of vigilance and they shifted to coordination, which has so far never been reported yet. Similarly, with observer approaching, adults shift vigilance from synchronization to coordination. The collective vigilance shift from synchronization to coordination as a function of observer distance could help us determining a safe distance of c. 400m for the most vulnerable family groups with two juveniles, so as no obvious interference with the threatened birds by human proximity. We argue that vigilance behaviour could be a reliable indicator in future nature-based tourist management and decision-making, which can be derived from conservation solutions in nature.

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Section: Increased Individual Vigilance With Tourismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Increased Individual Vigilance With Tourismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Data Collectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Increased Individual Vigilance With Tourismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

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Synchronization or Coordination? Context dependent anti-predator vigilance to nature-based ecotourism

Kong

ller

Zhang

2020

Preprint

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Disturbance and predation risk influence vigilance synchrony of black‐necked cranes Grus nigricollis, but not as strongly as expected

Kong

Møller

Zhang

2021

Ecology and Evolution

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Animals monitor surrounding dangers independently or cooperatively (synchronized and coordinated vigilance), with independent and synchronized scanning being prevalent. Coordinated vigilance, including unique sentinel behavior, is rare in nature, since it is time‐consuming and limited in terms of benefits. No evidence showed animals adopt alternative vigilance strategies during antipredation scanning yet. Considering the nonindependent nature of both synchronization and coordination, we assessed whether group members could keep alert synchronously or in a coordinated fashion under different circumstance. We studied how human behavior and species‐specific variables impacted individual and collective vigilance of globally threatened black‐necked cranes (Grus nigricollis) and explored behavior‐based wildlife management. We tested both predation risk (number of juveniles in group) and human disturbance (level and distance) effects on individual and collective antipredation vigilance of black‐necked crane families. Adults spent significantly more time (proportion and duration) on scanning than juveniles, and parents with juveniles behaved more vigilant. Both adults and juveniles increased time allocation and duration on vigilance with observer proximity. Deviation between observed and expected collective vigilance varied with disturbance and predation risk from zero, but not significantly so, indicating that an independent vigilance strategy was adopted by black‐necked crane couples. The birds showed synchronized vigilance in low disturbance areas, with fewer juveniles and far from observers; otherwise, they scanned in coordinated fashion. The collective vigilance, from synchronized to coordinated pattern, varied as a function of observer distance that helped us determine a safe distance of 403.75 m for the most vulnerable family groups with two juveniles. We argue that vigilance could constitute a prime indicator in behavior‐based species conservation, and we suggesting a safe distance of at least 400 m should be considered in future tourist management.

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Intrinsic and extrinsic factors modulating vigilance and foraging in two gregarious foragers

Monti,

Ferretti,

Fattorini

2024

Behavioral Ecology

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A continuous balance between costs and benefits dictates individual vigilance and foraging dynamics. In group-living animals, understanding the resulting trade-off is often complicated by multiple confounding effects. Vigilance and foraging levels may be the result of intrinsic (e.g., body size, trophic ecology, migratory phenology) and extrinsic (e.g., flock size, edge effect, group dynamism) factors, potentially differing between species, individuals, and contexts. We explored this idea by investigating intrinsic and extrinsic factors influencing vigilance and foraging behavior of two sympatric gregarious bird species that differ markedly in body size and foraging strategies (Greylag Goose Anser anser and Common Crane Grus grus), during their non-breeding period. Interspecific differences were detected in activity allocation and in response to group-related variables. For both species, time spent in vigilance decreased with increasing flock size and with increasing distance from the edge of the group. While cranes allocated the resulting time to foraging, the same did not occur in geese. Changes in individual position in the group (i.e., peripheral vs. central or vice versa) elicited a prompt behavioral change (i.e., vigilance vs. foraging or other activity). Temporal changes in activity budgets were reported for geese but not for cranes, with a decrease of vigilance and an increase of foraging as winter progressed. Results allowed to disentangle the role of multifactorial determinants of vigilance and foraging, in turn increasing our understanding of underlying forces driving the evolution of behavioral traits and of group-living.

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Vigilance strategy differentiation between sympatric threatened and common crane species

Cited by 4 publications

References 26 publications

Synchronization or Coordination? Context dependent anti-predator vigilance to nature-based ecotourism

Synchronization or Coordination? Context dependent anti-predator vigilance to nature-based ecotourism

Disturbance and predation risk influence vigilance synchrony of black‐necked cranes Grus nigricollis, but not as strongly as expected

Intrinsic and extrinsic factors modulating vigilance and foraging in two gregarious foragers

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