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In Ian McGuire’s novel The North Water (2016), Patrick Sumner, a young medical doctor recently dismissedfrom the British Army with his reputation and professional prospects in ruins, accepts a poorly paid position as a surgeon on a whaling ship in his attempt to flee from his past and his troubled conscience. However, contrary to his expectations, in the Arctic Circle he faces an ordeal far more demanding than anything he has hitherto endured in the form of the harpooner Henry Drax, a dangerous psychopath who is ready to abuse and murder anyone who is an obstacle to the satisfaction of his brutish physical needs. Confronted with violence and cruelty beyond understanding, within the fluid framework of the distorted ethical norms and values of the heterogeneous crew, the embittered Sumner is gradually forced to abandon his protective shell of resigned indifference and reassess the moral stances and responsibilities of a civilized person when faced with human wickedness. Though McGuire acknowledges primarily the inspiration of Herman Melville and Cormac McCarthy, this paper argues that in ethical terms the novel responds to Joseph Conrad’s Lord Jim and Heart of Darkness, pushing the protagonist’s relationship to the other to an extreme by making the other an embodiment of pure evil.
In Ian McGuire’s novel The North Water (2016), Patrick Sumner, a young medical doctor recently dismissedfrom the British Army with his reputation and professional prospects in ruins, accepts a poorly paid position as a surgeon on a whaling ship in his attempt to flee from his past and his troubled conscience. However, contrary to his expectations, in the Arctic Circle he faces an ordeal far more demanding than anything he has hitherto endured in the form of the harpooner Henry Drax, a dangerous psychopath who is ready to abuse and murder anyone who is an obstacle to the satisfaction of his brutish physical needs. Confronted with violence and cruelty beyond understanding, within the fluid framework of the distorted ethical norms and values of the heterogeneous crew, the embittered Sumner is gradually forced to abandon his protective shell of resigned indifference and reassess the moral stances and responsibilities of a civilized person when faced with human wickedness. Though McGuire acknowledges primarily the inspiration of Herman Melville and Cormac McCarthy, this paper argues that in ethical terms the novel responds to Joseph Conrad’s Lord Jim and Heart of Darkness, pushing the protagonist’s relationship to the other to an extreme by making the other an embodiment of pure evil.
Sinema tarihinde kötünün kahkahası her daim kötü karakter ile özdeşleşen ve kötüyü kahramandan keskin bir şekilde ayıran önemli bir olgu olarak var olmuştur. Ancak bu kahkahanın nasıl bir sebepten veya motivasyondan dolayı filmlerde tezahür ettiği, akademik bağlamda yeterince üzerinde durulmamış ve düşünülmemiş bir durumdur. Bu çalışmada Türk sinemasında kötü karakterle/tiple özdeşleşmiş bir aktör olan Erol Taş’ın dört farklı filmde canlandırdığı karakter ve tiplerin kahkahası üzerinden bir inceleme yapılmaya çalışılacaktır. Teorik çerçevesini gülme teorilerinin oluşturduğu çalışmada, Türk sinemasında bulunan karakter/tip ayrımı için de teorik bir perspektif ortaya konulmuş ve Taş’ın seçilen filmlerde canlandırdığı kişiliklerin karakter ve tip ayrımları yapılmıştır. Çalışmada Erol Taş’ın ön plana çıktığını varsaydığımız dört farklı filmi seçilmiştir: Susuz Yaz (Metin Erksan, 1963), Aslan Bey (Yavuz Yalınkılıç, 1968), Çeko (Çetin İnanç, 1970), Yılmayan Şeytan (Yılmaz Atadeniz, 1972). İncelenen filmlerdeki kötü karakterler ve tipler genellikle üstünlük teorisinin ön gördüğü sebeplerden dolayı kahkaha atmaktadırlar. Bununla birlikte bazı durumlarda kötü karakterlerin kahkaha atma sebebi uyumsuzluk ve rahatlama teorileriyle birlikte Henri Bergson’un da gülme teorisini doğrulamaktadır. Çalışmada Erol Taş’ın canlandırdığı kötü karakter kahkahalarının karmaşık bir yapı arz ettiği; öte yandan kötü tiplerin ise nispeten daha basit bir düzlem üzerinden şekillenen kahkahalara sahip olduğu görülmüştür.
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