Violent death in young people in the city of São Paulo, 1991–1993

Soares, Karla Vanessa S; Blue, Ilona; Canó, Eduardo Nozaki; Mari, Jair de Jesus

doi:10.1016/s1353-8292(98)00011-2

Cited by 4 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…39 Equally, Soares et al found similar results for the association between homicide and sub-district in São Paulo for young males, i.e. risk did not decrease evenly as one moved 40 The findings described for Brasilândia, Vila Guilherme and Aclimação support both the Whitehall study results and those related to the law of diminishing health returns.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 68%

“…The Whitehall findings therefore suggested that health improvements could be made all the way along the socioeconomic scale, irrespective of one's position on the scale. 6 However, the findings of Wilkinson 39 and Soares et al 40 have indicated that the magnitude of health improvements that can be made by improving one's position on the socioeconomic scale will decrease the further along the scale one progresses: the law of diminishing health returns. Thus Wilkinson made it clear that a unit increase in income will have a much more beneficial effect on health when the increase takes place at the lower end of the socioeconomic scale than when it takes place at the higher end.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Individual and contextual effects on mental health status in São Paulo, Brazil

Blue

2000

Rev. Bras. Psiquiatr.

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Objectives: There is evidence that mental health status is partly determined by socioeconomic status. Recent research in the U.K. has highlighted the importance of place or context as a health determinant. This study aimed to analyze both individual socioeconomic variables and area of residence as potential risk factors for mental ill health. The objectives were to determine whether the effects of key explanatory variables on mental health status varies by area of residence and whether area of residence has an independent effect on mental health status once other key variables have been controlled for. Methods: The study used data collected as part of the Brazilian Multicentric Study of Psychiatric Morbidity. Data from a cross-sectional survey carried out in three socioeconomically contrasting sub-districts in São Paulo, Brazil, was used. The main outcome measure was mental health status as measured by the Questionário de Morbidade Psiquiátrica de Adultos (QMPA). Results: The results demonstrate that, even after key individual socioeconomic variables were controlled for, area of residence had a statistically significant effect on mental health status. Discussion: A possible explanation for the effect of area of residence relates to the social and physical features of places and their subsequent impact on health. Conclusions: It is important for mental health research to acknowledge the potential importance of the effect of area of residence on health, particularly in relation to developing new mental health promotion initiatives.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 68%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Individual and contextual effects on mental health status in São Paulo, Brazil

Blue

2000

Rev. Bras. Psiquiatr.

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“…Analysis of routine data collected between 1991 and 1993 in Sao Paulo, Brazil, suggested that males aged 15-24 years living in low-income areas were over five times as likely to become victims of homicide compared with their counterparts resident in higher income areas (Soares et al,1998). Higher rates of homicide in lowincome areas are the outcome of multiple factors: .…”

Section: The Disease Spectrum In Urban Populationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Urban health in developing countries: a review

Harpham

Molyneux

2001

Progress in Development Studies

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The last major review of urban health in developing countries was published in 1992. At that time, knowledge was largely limited to crude rural-urban comparisons and some ad hoc studies of low-income urban communities. Most research was done on communicable (infectious) diseases and little was known about the relationship between urban life in developing countries and chronic illness such as mental ill-health, heart disease and cancer. This paper updates knowledge by reviewing recent research on intra-urban health inequalities, urban health-seeking behaviour and the importance of urban-rural links for health. It also presents a new model of urban health that incorporates changes in urban health research and practice.

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“…These show the existence of socioeconomic inequalities in injury mortality and morbidity, with the less privileged classes consistently showing higher injury rates. [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11] The study of social inequalities in health is not widespread in southern European countries, including Spain. Studies based on individuals are few due to the absence, or poor quality, of information on socioeconomic position in death certificates.…”

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confidence: 99%

Role of individual and contextual effects in injury mortality: new evidence from small area analysis

Borrell

Rodriguez²,

Ferrando³

et al. 2002

Inj Prev

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Objective: To analyse the role of individual and contextual variables in injury mortality inequalities from a small area analysis perspective, looking at the data for the city of Barcelona (Spain) for 1992-98. Setting: Barcelona (Spain). Methods: All injury deaths in residents older than 19, which occurred in the period 1992-98 were included (n=4393). Age and sex specific mortality rates were calculated for each educational level and each cause of death (traffic injuries, falls, drug overdose, suicide, other injuries). The contextual variables included were the proportion of men unemployed, and the proportion of men in jail, in each neighbourhood. Multilevel Poisson regression models were fitted using data grouped by age, educational level, and neighbourhood for each sex. Results: Death rates were higher in males, at the extremes of the age distribution (under 44 and over 74 years), and for lower educational levels. The results of the Poisson multilevel models indicate that inequalities by educational level follow a gradient, with higher risks for the population with no schooling, after having adjusted for the contextual variables of the neighbourhood. Such inequalities were more important in the youngest age group (20-34 years), as relative risk of 5.41 (95% confidence interval (CI) 3.9 to 7.4) for all injury causes in males and 4.38 (95% CI 2.3 to 8.4) in females. The highest relative risks were found for drug overdose. There was a contextual neighbourhood effect (the higher the deprivation, the higher the mortality) after having taken into account individual variables. Conclusion: The findings underscore the need to implement injury prevention strategies not only at the individual level taking into account socioeconomic position, but also at the neighbourhood level.A lthough the study of social inequalities in health has been broadened since the 1980s, inequalities in injuries have been studied somewhat less, 1 and most studies focus on children and the young. These show the existence of socioeconomic inequalities in injury mortality and morbidity, with the less privileged classes consistently showing higher injury rates. 2-11

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Violent death in young people in the city of São Paulo, 1991–1993

Cited by 4 publications

References 7 publications

Individual and contextual effects on mental health status in São Paulo, Brazil

Individual and contextual effects on mental health status in São Paulo, Brazil

Urban health in developing countries: a review

Role of individual and contextual effects in injury mortality: new evidence from small area analysis

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