Violent Entrepreneurship in Post-Communist Russia

The embeddedness of illegal entrepreneurship in a closed ethnic community

“…This ensures the compliance of the ethnic groupings because of a climate of fear which extends from the enclave back to their homelands where many have relatives still under the thrall of the organized crime groups. The organized crime groups operate a system of violent entrepreneurship (Volkov, 1999). Within these enclaves, or closed communities, the east Europeans and other ethnicities provide a source of labour for the legal entrepreneurial system of the area.…”

New foundations: Pseudo-pacification and special liberty as potential cornerstones for a multi-level theory of homicide and serial murder

“…Homicide rates also tend to vary across nations, regions and locales that differ in their ability to counteract the cultural factor of intense interpersonal competition with an alternative culture of empathy and solidarity, one of the main reasons 'why some places are more dangerous than others' (Currie, 2009: 4). Nations that have undergone rapid transitions to neoliberal market economies, which caused socioeconomic instability, widening inequality and the intensification of competitive individualism, such as post-Soviet Russia and the former Soviet satellite states of Eastern Europe in the 1990s, have also experienced notable increases in crime, homicide and imprisonment rates (Lafree and Tseloni, 2006;Volkov, 1999;Gerber and Hout, 1998 Braithwaite and Braithwaite, 1980;Blau and Blau, 1982;Dorling, 2004;Reiner, 2007;Wilkinson and Pickett, 2010;Ray, 2011;Wilson, 2007;Hall and McLean, 2009;Marktanner and Noiset, 2013). The upshot of this macro-level position is that in periods and spaces where citizens feel poorly represented by their governments and Currie's six conditions also apply, overall rates of homicide, particularly rates of homicide between unrelated adults, are significantly higher.…”

The Role of Government in Path-Dependent Development of SME Sector in Ukraine

“…The difficult economic situation further provoked a deeper political instability. businesses from the growing criminal pressure (Volkov 1999;Kuzio 2014). Enterprises had to pay high taxes, both official and unofficial.…”