Viral Agents Causing Acute Respiratory Infections in Children under Five: A Study from Eastern India

Mishra, Pradeep; Nayak, Lipika; Das, Rashmi Ranjan; Dwibedi, Bhagirathi; Singh, Amitabh

doi:10.1155/2016/7235482

Cited by 33 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…The most common respiratory viruses causing ARI were RSV, HMPV, PIV and HRV. These results are consistent with the viruses identified in this study [9,10]. Studies in hospitalized and outpatient pediatric patients worldwide have reported that HMPV is associated with 6-40% of acute respiratory illness [11].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…In Mexico, the circulation of HMPV was observed mainly in the northern and the central areas of the country where winter temperatures fluctuated between 5 • C and 7 • C, while in the areas of the southeast and the peninsula where the circulation of HMPV is lower, winter temperatures are higher (14 to 17 • C). The predominance of HMPV in the states with the lowest temperature in winter is consistent with a study that mentions that HMPV sees an increase in winter is due to the fact that the decrease in air temperature causes a decrease in nasal airway temperature (compromised cooling of the nasal airway), which leads to a poor defense against infection [9].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

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Human Metapneumovirus: Etiological Agent of Severe Acute Respiratory Infections in Hospitalized and Deceased Patients with a Negative Diagnosis of Influenza

et al. 2020

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Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) is one of the four major viral pathogens associated with acute respiratory tract infections (ARI) and creates a substantial burden of disease, particularly in young children (<5 years) and older individuals (≥65 years). The objective of this study was to determine the epidemiological behavior of HMPV in Mexico. This retrospective study was conducted over a nine-year period and used 7283 influenza-negative respiratory samples from hospitalized and deceased patients who presented Severe Acute Respiratory Infection (SARI). The samples were processed with the help of qualitative multiplex RT-PCR for simultaneous detection of 14 respiratory viruses (xTAG ® RVP FAST v2). 40.8% of the samples were positive for respiratory viruses, mainly rhinovirus/enterovirus (47.6%), respiratory syncytial virus (15.9%), HMPV (11.1%) and parainfluenza virus (8.9%). Other respiratory viruses and co-infections accounted for 16.5%. HMPV infects all age groups, but the most affected group was infants between 29 days and 9 years of age (65.6%) and adults who are 40 years and older (25.7%). HMPV circulates every year from November to April, and the highest circulation was observed in late winter. The results of this study aim to raise awareness among clinicians about the high epidemiological impact of HMPV in young children and older individuals in order to reduce the economic burden in terms of health care costs.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Human Metapneumovirus: Etiological Agent of Severe Acute Respiratory Infections in Hospitalized and Deceased Patients with a Negative Diagnosis of Influenza

et al. 2020

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“…In this study, respiratory pathogens could be categorized into four groups: single-infection of influenza A (39.4%), influenza B (21.7%), influenza, and multiple coinfections with two pathogens (21.7), three pathogens (12.0%), and four pathogens (5.2%). Studies conducted in Vietnam [24], Lao PDR [25], Japan [26], the Netherlands [27], and India [28] has reported both single and multiple respiratory infections were found more frequently in young children (<5 year). [35].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Etiology of Coinfections in Children with Influenza during 2015/16 Winter Season in Nepal

Upadhyay

Banjara

Shrestha

et al. 2018

International Journal of Microbiology

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Acute respiratory infections (ARIs) are one of the major public health problems in developing countries like Nepal. Besides the influenza, several other pathogens are responsible for acute respiratory infection in children. Etiology of infections is poorly characterized at the course of clinical management, and hence empirical antimicrobial agents are used. The objective of this study was to characterize the influenza and other respiratory pathogens by real-time PCR assay. A total of 175 throat swab specimens of influenza-positive cases collected at National Influenza Center, Nepal, during the 2015/16 winter season were selected for detecting other respiratory copathogens. Total nucleic acid was extracted using Pure Link viral RNA/DNA mini kit (Invitrogen), and multiplex RT-PCR assays were performed. Influenza A and B viruses were found in 120 (68.6%) and 55 (31.4%) specimens, respectively, among which coinfections were found in 106 (60.6%) specimens. Among the influenza A-positive cases, 25 (20.8%) were A/H1N1 pdm09 and 95 (79.2%) were A/H3 subtypes. Viruses coinfected frequently with influenza virus in children were rhinovirus (26; 14.8%), respiratory syncytial virus A/B (19; 10.8%), adenovirus (14; 8.0%), coronavirus (CoV)-HKU1 (14; 8.0%), CoV-OC43 (5; 2.9%), CoV-229E (2; 1.1%), metapneumovirus A/B (5; 2.9%), bocavirus (6; 3.4%), enterovirus (5; 2.9%), parainfluenza virus-1 (3; 1.7%), and parainfluenza virus-3 (2; 1.1%). Coinfection of Mycoplasma pneumoniae with influenza virus was found in children (5; 2.8%). Most of the viral infection occurred in young children below 5 years of age. In addition to influenza virus, nine different respiratory pathogens were detected, of which coinfections of rhinovirus and respiratory syncytial virus A/B were predominantly found in children. This study gives us better information on the respiratory pathogen profile and coinfection combinations which are important for diagnosis and treatment of ARIs.

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“…RSV-associated ALRI incidence ranging from 2.4% to 21.2% have been reported in different countries[21]. Hospital-based studies have reported a significant association between being male and having RSV-related ALRI[22]. Nair et al[5] concluded in a recent meta-analysis that RSV is the most common cause of childhood LRTI and a major cause of admission to hospital as a result of severe LRTI and that 99.0% of the RSV-related deaths take place among resource-limited countries.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of respiratory syncytial virus infection among children hospitalized with acute lower respiratory tract infections in Southern India

Kini¹,

Kalal²,

Chandy³

et al. 2019

WJCP

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BACKGROUND Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a leading cause of lower respiratory infections among children. AIM To investigate the proportion of RSV and non-RSV respiratory viral infections among hospitalized children ≤ 5 years. METHODS Hospitalized children aged < 5 years, with a diagnosis of acute lower respiratory infections (ALRI), admitted between August 2011-August 2013, were included. Cases were defined as laboratory-confirmed RSV and non-RSV respiratory viruses by direct fluorescence assay from the nasopharyngeal wash. RESULTS Of 383 1-59 mo old children hospitalized with an acute lower respiratory infection, 33.9% (130/383) had evidence of viral infection, and RSV was detected in 24.5% (94/383). Co-infections with RSV and other respiratory viruses (influenza A or B, adenovirus, para influenza 1, 2 or 3) were seen in children 5.5% (21/383). Over 90% of the RSV-positive children were under 2 years of age. RSV was detected throughout the year with peaks seen after the monsoon season. Children hospitalized with RSV infection were more likely to have been exposed to a shorter duration of breastfeeding of less than 3 mo. RSV positive children had a shorter hospital stay, although there were significant complications requiring intensive care. Use of antibiotics was high among those with RSV and non-RSV viral infections. CONCLUSION Our study provides evidence of a high proportion of RSV and other virus-associated ALRI among hospitalized children in India. RSV infection was associated with fewer days of hospital stay compared to other causes of lower respiratory infections. A high level of antibiotic use was seen among all respiratory virus-associated hospitalizations. These results suggest the need for implementing routine diagnostics for respiratory pathogens in order to minimize the use of unnecessary antibiotics and plan prevention strategies among pediatric populations.

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Viral Agents Causing Acute Respiratory Infections in Children under Five: A Study from Eastern India

Cited by 33 publications

References 31 publications

Human Metapneumovirus: Etiological Agent of Severe Acute Respiratory Infections in Hospitalized and Deceased Patients with a Negative Diagnosis of Influenza

Human Metapneumovirus: Etiological Agent of Severe Acute Respiratory Infections in Hospitalized and Deceased Patients with a Negative Diagnosis of Influenza

Etiology of Coinfections in Children with Influenza during 2015/16 Winter Season in Nepal

Prevalence of respiratory syncytial virus infection among children hospitalized with acute lower respiratory tract infections in Southern India

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