Viral Disease

Jacoby, Robert O.; Gaertner, Diane J.

doi:10.1016/b978-012074903-4/50015-7

Cited by 6 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 92 publications

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“…Only 4 rats were evaluated at week 13. Vet Pathol 46: 5,2009 similar to those in the colony, and consistent with RRV infection. By itself, this study by design does not provide conclusive evidence of the infectivity of RRV, as it does not exclude the possibility of an environmental factor causing the interstitial pneumonia in the RRV-positive room.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 67%

Histopathology of Naturally Transmitted “Rat Respiratory Virus”: Progression of Lesions and Proposed Diagnostic Criteria

2009

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Rat respiratory virus (RRV) is the working name for a novel respiratory pathogen of laboratory rats in North America, Europe, and Asia. Although the agent has not been definitively identified, evidence supports a viral etiology. Because no serologic or molecular assays for RRV are available, diagnosis depends on histopathologic evaluation of the lung. We introduced 104 Wistar Han rats, free of known pathogens and of RRV-associated lesions, into a rat production colony positive for RRV-type lesions, but free of other histologic, serologic, or microbiologic evidence of infectious disease. Lungs of 8 of the naïve rats were examined grossly and microscopically each week, weeks 0-13. Irregular gray-white lesions suggestive of interstitial pneumonia were grossly evident from weeks 6 through 13. Primary histopathologic evaluation of all lungs by one pathologist found multifocal, lymphohistiocytic interstitial pneumonia or prominent perivascular lymphoid cuffing from weeks 5 through 13. Based on results of the initial evaluation, diagnostic criteria for RRV infection (i.e., changes seen only after exposure to the RRV-positive colony) were tentatively selected and used by 2 other pathologists to classify each lung as RRV positive, RRV equivocal, or RRV negative. The secondary evaluation found 95% concordance in RRV diagnosis between pathologists, and correlated well with the initial evaluation, thus confirming the consistency of the criteria. These data show that RRV-naïve rats introduced into an RRV-endemic colony develop equivocal microscopic lesions of RRV by 5 weeks of exposure, and positive diagnostic lesions by 7 weeks. Interstitial pneumonia becomes grossly evident after 6 weeks of exposure.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 67%

Histopathology of Naturally Transmitted “Rat Respiratory Virus”: Progression of Lesions and Proposed Diagnostic Criteria

2009

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“…Regarding the possible influence of the SDAV infection on the outcome of the study at hand, it should be mentioned that the repair processes in the affected tissues (respiratory tract, eye, salivary and lacrimal glands) begin 5-7 days post infection and in the case of the salivary and lacrimal glands are completed after about 21 days (Jacoby and Gaertner 2006;Percy et al 1988). Since SDAV infection occurred at the very beginning of the study and the animals had 3-4 weeks to recover, we do not suspect any major effect of the virus on the outcome of this study, especially since SDAV is not known to interfere with colon tumorigenesis or heart-related pathologies (Jacoby and Gaertner 2006). The latter statement as well as the fact that immunocompetent animals develop immunity and recover relatively fast with barely any sequelae (Jacoby and Gaertner 2006) led to the decision, not to kill the entire colony and to continue the experiment.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Since SDAV infection occurred at the very beginning of the study and the animals had 3-4 weeks to recover, we do not suspect any major effect of the virus on the outcome of this study, especially since SDAV is not known to interfere with colon tumorigenesis or heart-related pathologies (Jacoby and Gaertner 2006). The latter statement as well as the fact that immunocompetent animals develop immunity and recover relatively fast with barely any sequelae (Jacoby and Gaertner 2006) led to the decision, not to kill the entire colony and to continue the experiment.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the first week upon arrival, the animals showed signs of an SDAV infection. SDAV is a relatively common and rat-specific coronavirus with high morbidity and very lowto-no mortality (Gaillard and Clifford 2000;Jacoby and Gaertner 2006). The infection was relatively silent, the most prominent clinical symptom being sneezing followed by red-colored nasal discharge.…”

Section: Clinical Observationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The influence of chronic l-carnitine supplementation on the formation of preneoplastic and atherosclerotic lesions in the colon and aorta of male F344 rats

Empl¹,

Kammeyer²,

Ulrich³

et al. 2014

Arch Toxicol

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L-Carnitine, a key component of fatty acid oxidation, is nowadays being extensively used as a nutritional supplement with allegedly "fat burning" and performance-enhancing properties, although to date there are no conclusive data supporting these claims. Furthermore, there is an inverse relationship between exogenous supplementation and bioavailability, i.e., fairly high oral doses are not fully absorbed and thus a significant amount of carnitine remains in the gut. Human and rat enterobacteria can degrade unabsorbed L-carnitine to trimethylamine or trimethylamine-N-oxide, which, under certain conditions, may be transformed to the known carcinogen N-nitrosodimethylamine. Recent findings indicate that trimethylamine-N-oxide might also be involved in the development of atherosclerotic lesions. We therefore investigated whether a 1-year administration of different L-carnitine concentrations (0, 1, 2 and 5 g/l) via drinking water leads to an increased incidence of preneoplastic lesions (so-called aberrant crypt foci) in the colon of Fischer 344 rats as well as to the appearance of atherosclerotic lesions in the aorta of these animals. No significant difference between the test groups regarding the formation of lesions in the colon and aorta of the rats was observed, suggesting that, under the given experimental conditions, L-carnitine up to a concentration of 5 g/l in the drinking water does not have adverse effects on the gastrointestinal and vascular system of Fischer 344 rats.

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“…Sialodacryoadenitis virus (SDAV) and Parker's rat coronavirus (PRC) belong to the family Coronaviridae, genus Coronavirus. [157][158][159][160][161][162][163][164] SDAV is a morphologic classification and represents all coronavirus isolates that produce sialodacryoadenitis. These viruses should be considered as part of a single biologic grouping (rat coronaviruses) but because of historical precedent, the separation and nomenclature continues.…”

Section: Sialodacryoadenitis Virus and Parker's Rat Coronavirusmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of Respiratory System Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease in the Mouse, Rat, Hamster, and Gerbil

Kling

2011

Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice

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The purpose of this article is to provide for practitioners a comprehensive overview of respiratory diseases, both infectious and noninfectious, in the mouse, rat, hamster, and gerbil. The information presented will also be useful for veterinarians pursuing board certification. Anatomy and physiology are briefly addressed, as those two facets alone could encompass an entire article for these species.

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Viral Disease

Cited by 6 publications

References 92 publications

Histopathology of Naturally Transmitted “Rat Respiratory Virus”: Progression of Lesions and Proposed Diagnostic Criteria

Histopathology of Naturally Transmitted “Rat Respiratory Virus”: Progression of Lesions and Proposed Diagnostic Criteria

The influence of chronic l-carnitine supplementation on the formation of preneoplastic and atherosclerotic lesions in the colon and aorta of male F344 rats

A Review of Respiratory System Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease in the Mouse, Rat, Hamster, and Gerbil

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