Viral hemorrhagic fevers in the Tihamah region of the western Arabian Peninsula

Zakham, Fathiah; Al-habal, Mohammed; Taher, Rola; Alaoui, Altaf; Mzibri, Mohammed El

doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0005322

Cited by 14 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…In this report eastward movement of a pandemic of a dengue-like disease outbreak across tropical Asia was documented. The pandemic began in the region stretching from Zanzibar to Tihama region of the Arabian Peninsula including Yemen in 1870, dispersed to India (in 1871-1872) and to more Asian countries as far east as Hong Kong (in 1872), before reaching Queensland of Australia through a different route via Mauritius in 1873 [122,123]. At that time, the opening of the Canal provided opportunities for large numbers of Europeans to migrate to Asia in search of economic gains and other opportunities.…”

Section: Routes and Directions Of Aedes Aegypti Dispersal To Asiamentioning

confidence: 99%

The Absence of Yellow Fever in Asia: History, Hypotheses, Vector Dispersal, Possibility of YF in Asia, and Other Enigmas

Kuno

2020

Viruses

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Since the recent epidemics of yellow fever in Angola and Brazil as well as the importation of cases to China in 2016, there has been an increased interest in the century-old enigma, absence of yellow fever in Asia. Although this topic has been repeatedly reviewed before, the history of human intervention has never been considered a critical factor. A two-stage literature search online for this review, however, yielded a rich history indispensable for the debate over this medical enigma. As we combat the pandemic of COVID-19 coronavirus worldwide today, we can learn invaluable lessons from the historical events in Asia. In this review, I explore the history first and then critically examine in depth major hypotheses proposed in light of accumulated data, global dispersal of the principal vector, patterns of YF transmission, persistence of urban transmission, and the possibility of YF in Asia. Through this process of re-examination of the current knowledge, the subjects for research that should be conducted are identified. This review also reveals the importance of holistic approach incorporating ecological and human factors for many unresolved subjects, such as the enigma of YF absence in Asia, vector competence, vector dispersal, spillback, viral persistence and transmission mechanisms.

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Section: Routes and Directions Of Aedes Aegypti Dispersal To Asiamentioning

confidence: 99%

The Absence of Yellow Fever in Asia: History, Hypotheses, Vector Dispersal, Possibility of YF in Asia, and Other Enigmas

Kuno

2020

Viruses

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“…Recently, Saudi Arabia has witnessed an upsurge of viruses with high morbidity and mortality rates in humans and livestock. Some of these, e.g., the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) virus and Alkhurma hemorrhagic fever virus (AHFV), emerged for the first time, while others, e.g., dengue virus, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV), Kadam virus (KADV), West Nile virus, Rift Valley fever virus and chikungunya virus, have re-emerged after spreading in other parts of the world [ 1 , 2 , 3 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Viral RNA Metagenomics of Hyalomma Ticks Collected from Dromedary Camels in Makkah Province, Saudi Arabia

Zakham

Albalawi

Alanazi

et al. 2021

Viruses

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Arthropod-borne infections are a medical and economic threat to humans and livestock. Over the last three decades, several unprecedented viral outbreaks have been recorded in the Western part of the Arabian Peninsula. However, little is known about the circulation and diversity of arthropod-borne viruses in this region. To prepare for new outbreaks of vector-borne diseases, it is important to detect which viruses circulate in each vector population. In this study, we used a metagenomics approach to characterize the RNA virome of ticks infesting dromedary camels (Camelus dromedaries) in Makkah province, Saudi Arabia. Two hundred ticks of species Hyalomma dromedarii (n = 196) and Hyalomma impeltatum (n = 4) were collected from the Alkhurma district in Jeddah and Al-Taif city. Virome analysis showed the presence of several tick-specific viruses and tick-borne viruses associated with severe illness in humans. Some were identified for the first time in the Arabian Peninsula. The human disease-associated viruses detected included Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic fever virus and Tamdy virus (family Nairoviridae), Guertu virus (family Phenuiviridae), and a novel coltivirus that shares similarities with Tarumizu virus, Tai forest reovirus and Kundal virus (family Reoviridae). Furthermore, Alkhurma hemorrhagic virus (Flaviviridae) was detected in two tick pools by specific qPCR. In addition, tick-specific viruses in families Phenuiviridae (phleboviruses), Iflaviridae, Chuviridae, Totiviridae and Flaviviridae (Pestivirus) were detected. The presence of human pathogenetic viruses warrants further efforts in tick surveillance, xenosurveillence, vector control, and sero-epidemiological investigations in human and animal populations to predict, contain and mitigate future outbreaks in the region.

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“…There are also a large variety of hematological viruses, which cause infections with hemorrhagic fevers, that are RNA viruses encased in a lipid bilayer derived from the host′s cell membrane [ 44 ]. Viral hemorrhagic fevers are typically endemic in some regions, can cause large outbreaks, and have high mortality rates.…”

Section: Major Viruses Involved In Human Diseasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Viral hemorrhagic fevers are typically endemic in some regions, can cause large outbreaks, and have high mortality rates. They are characterized by an acute febrile syndrome with hemorrhages and affect both humans and animals [ 44 , 45 ].…”

Section: Major Viruses Involved In Human Diseasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Probiotic Effects against Virus Infections: New Weapons for an Old War

López-Santamarina

Lamas

Mondragón

et al. 2021

Foods

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This review aimed to gather the available literature investigating the effects of probiotics against the most common viral infections using in vitro trials in cell lines and in vivo clinical trials in both experimental animals and humans. Probiotics were employed to prevent and reduce symptoms of infections caused by common viruses, especially respiratory tract viruses, but also for viral digestive infections (such as rotavirus, coronavirus, or norovirus) and other viral infections (such as viruses that cause hepatitis, human papillomavirus, human immunodeficiency virus, and herpes simplex virus). Different probiotics have been studied to see their possible effect against the abovementioned viruses, among which different Lactobacillus species, Bifidobacterium, Clostridium, Enterococcus, and Streptococcus can be highlighted. In many cases, mixtures of various probiotic strains were used. Although the results obtained did not show similar results, in most cases, probiotic supplementation improved both barrier and biochemical immune responses, decreased susceptibility to viral infections, and enhanced the effects of concomitant vaccines. Works collected in this review show a beneficial effect of probiotics in the prevention and treatment of different viral infections. We found interesting results related to the prevention of viral infections, reduction of the duration of diseases, and decrease of symptoms.

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Viral hemorrhagic fevers in the Tihamah region of the western Arabian Peninsula

Cited by 14 publications

References 48 publications

The Absence of Yellow Fever in Asia: History, Hypotheses, Vector Dispersal, Possibility of YF in Asia, and Other Enigmas

The Absence of Yellow Fever in Asia: History, Hypotheses, Vector Dispersal, Possibility of YF in Asia, and Other Enigmas

Viral RNA Metagenomics of Hyalomma Ticks Collected from Dromedary Camels in Makkah Province, Saudi Arabia

Probiotic Effects against Virus Infections: New Weapons for an Old War

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